NR507 NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ S1.
Answer: -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
◉ S2.
Answer: - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
◉ Valvular stenosis.
Answer: the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the
forward flow of blood and increasing the workload of the cardiac
chamber proximal to the diseased valve. Intraventricular or atrial
pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to flow
through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work
harder, causing myocardial hypertrophy.
◉ Aortic stenosis.
Answer: - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
,- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
◉ Mitral Stenosis.
Answer: - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
◉ Stroke volume.
Answer: The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
◉ Cor Pulmonale.
Answer: right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to
pulmonary hypertension
, ◉ Cardiac output.
Answer: HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
◉ Preload.
Answer: The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
◉ Afterload.
Answer: The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
◉ Contractility.
Answer: sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve - inotrope
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ S1.
Answer: -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
◉ S2.
Answer: - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
◉ Valvular stenosis.
Answer: the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the
forward flow of blood and increasing the workload of the cardiac
chamber proximal to the diseased valve. Intraventricular or atrial
pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to flow
through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work
harder, causing myocardial hypertrophy.
◉ Aortic stenosis.
Answer: - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
,- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
◉ Mitral Stenosis.
Answer: - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
◉ Stroke volume.
Answer: The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
◉ Cor Pulmonale.
Answer: right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to
pulmonary hypertension
, ◉ Cardiac output.
Answer: HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
◉ Preload.
Answer: The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
◉ Afterload.
Answer: The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
◉ Contractility.
Answer: sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve - inotrope
