NR507 NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2026 TEST BANK COMPLETE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What are 5 s/s of asthma.
Answer: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
◉ Pathophysiology of asthma (5).
Answer: -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
◉ Bronchioles.
Answer: smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
,◉ 3 layers of the bronchioles.
Answer: innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
◉ lamina propria.
Answer: the middle layer of the bronchioles
◉ structure of the lamina propria.
Answer: embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
◉ purpose of the lamina propria.
Answer: white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
◉ How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma.
Answer: the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
◉ What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
◉ What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: smooth muscle cells
,◉ what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do.
Answer: control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
◉ alveolar hyperinflation.
Answer: When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should
due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
◉ how does hyperinflation occur?.
Answer: the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus
and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
◉ Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar.
Answer: -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
◉ What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma.
Answer: tiotropium and ipratropium
◉ What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?.
Answer: These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous
system
- increasing bronchodilation
, ◉ MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma.
Answer: the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to
release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
◉ bronchitis.
Answer: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
◉ 3 characteristics of bronchitis.
Answer: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
◉ Perfusion.
Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells
and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the
capillaries.
◉ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion.
Answer: cyanosis
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2026 TEST BANK COMPLETE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What are 5 s/s of asthma.
Answer: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
◉ Pathophysiology of asthma (5).
Answer: -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
◉ Bronchioles.
Answer: smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that
become the alveoli
,◉ 3 layers of the bronchioles.
Answer: innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
◉ lamina propria.
Answer: the middle layer of the bronchioles
◉ structure of the lamina propria.
Answer: embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
◉ purpose of the lamina propria.
Answer: white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
◉ How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma.
Answer: the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
◉ What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
◉ What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain.
Answer: smooth muscle cells
,◉ what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do.
Answer: control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
◉ alveolar hyperinflation.
Answer: When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should
due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
◉ how does hyperinflation occur?.
Answer: the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus
and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
◉ Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar.
Answer: -expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
◉ What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma.
Answer: tiotropium and ipratropium
◉ What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?.
Answer: These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous
system
- increasing bronchodilation
, ◉ MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma.
Answer: the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to
release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the
respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
◉ bronchitis.
Answer: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
◉ 3 characteristics of bronchitis.
Answer: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
◉ Perfusion.
Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells
and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the
capillaries.
◉ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion.
Answer: cyanosis
