IPAP PATHOLOGY BLOCK 3 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
1. With 1:800 people being born with a solitary kidney (more commonly in
males), which side is usually absent?: Left side (or present with a single, fused
"horseshoe" kidney)
2. Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder where cysts crowd out normal
functional renal tissue with what end-state?: Renal failure by age 40-50 (10% of all
end-stage
renal disease)
3. Not including labs, what two clinical features can be seen in polycystic kidney
disease?: Hematuria and Kidneys large enough to palpate
4. Which labs are useful for diagnosing polycystic kidney disease?: -Urinary blood
and protein
-BUN/creatinine elevated
-RBC and Hct elevated
5. In addition to hemodialysis, what other treatment is used for polycystic
kidney disease?: Nephrectomy and/or transplant
6. What is an immunologic glomerular disease that is typically found in
children/teens and presents 1-2 weeks after an acute bacterial infection (most
often strep throat, Type III hypersensitivity reaction)?: Acute Glomerulonephritis
(self
resolving process after a few weeks)
7. Other than facial edema (from proteinuria & hypoalbuminemia) and oliguria,
what are two major clinical features found in acute glomerulonephritis?-
,: Hypertension & Hematuria
8. What is the treatment for Acute Glomerulonephritis?: No treatment, usually self
resolves, should be monitored by provider
9. What is a rare autoimmune disease of the glomerular membrane & renal
capillaries where responding WBCs surround & compress capillary loops?: -
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
10. Crescentic glomerulonephritis is typically found in what age of the
population?: >60 y/o
11. What is the most common subtype of crescentic glomerulonephritis?:
Goodpasture's Syndrome
12. Other that hematuria, what clinical feature of crescentic glomerulonephritis
may present as new onset or worsening as renal blood flow decreased?: -
Hypertension
-will progress to generalized edema and oliguria leading to anuria & acute renal
failure
13. What is the treatment for crescentic glomerulonephritis?: Lifelong
hemodialysis or
kidney transplant (most people never recover)
14. A sudden decrease in arterial pressures that cause acute hypoperfusion,
typically following cardiac arrest, shock, or bleeding can result in which
circulatory glomerular disease?: Acute Tubular Necrosis
15. Toxins or an overdose of what common medications can cause Acute Tubular
Necrosis?: NSAIDs
16. What is the treatment for acute tubular necrosis considering that the renal
tubules usually regenerate, allowing the kidneys to function again?: Hemodialysis
,for 1-2 weeks
17. Atherosclerosis and chronic hypoperfusion leads to ischemia and loss of
glomeruli in which circulatory glomerular disease?: Nephroangiosclerosis
18. In nephroangiosclerosis, kidney atrophy with heavy scarring that leads
to permanent/chronic renal insufficiency is often associated with which two
pathological processes?: Hypertension and diabetes
19. What is the treatment for Nephroangiosclerosis?: Lifelong hemodialysis or
kidney
transplant
20. DM results in which process that begins 10-20 years after onset and presents
with recurrent cycles of renal ischemia, necrosis and eventual healing
by fibrosis?: Diabetic Neuropathy
21. Which systemic disorder results in chronic renal ischemia that slowly damages
membranes, resulting in proteinuria?: Hypertension (causes 30% of all end-stage
renal
disease)
22. What are the four main types of renal stones?: (1) Calcium (2) Struvite (3) Uric
Acid (4)
Cystine
23. Renal stones typically affect males more than females, more often in the
late teens to middle age, with what risk factors?: Risk factors: dehydration, diet
(protein
rich), and medications (diuretics including caffeine)
24. What are 75% of all renal stones, and are radiopaque on plain films?: Calcium
Stones
, 25. What are 15% of all renal stones and are associated with chronic UTIs and
urosepsis (staghorn calculi)?: Struvite Stones
26. Which type of renal stones make up about 5% of cases and are associated
with Gout?: Uric acid stones
27. Which type of renal stones are a rare amino acid metabolism error?: Cystine
Stones
28. What are the three main renal stone "triggers"?: -Renal colic (intense pain
spasms)
-Flank pain
-Hematuria
29. Which clinical feature is the biggest giveaway for kidney stones (triggered
by a migrating stone)?: Renal Colic (follows the urethral path with a "wrap
around" pattern of pain)
30. Which process of kidney stones is fluid pressure that stretches the renal
capsule, resulting in visceral/flank pain?: Hydronephrosis
31. Considering that stones that are <5mm have a 98% passage rate, for those
that are larger, where is the most common site of obstruction?: Ureterovesical
Junction
(UVJ)
32. Expulsion therapy with what types of drugs are used in the treatment of
kidney stones? What is used for pain relief?: Alpha-Antagonists (Tamsulosin &
Alfuzosin)
NSAIDs
33. Severe hydronephrosis flattens papillae of the kidneys which cause the
COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
1. With 1:800 people being born with a solitary kidney (more commonly in
males), which side is usually absent?: Left side (or present with a single, fused
"horseshoe" kidney)
2. Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder where cysts crowd out normal
functional renal tissue with what end-state?: Renal failure by age 40-50 (10% of all
end-stage
renal disease)
3. Not including labs, what two clinical features can be seen in polycystic kidney
disease?: Hematuria and Kidneys large enough to palpate
4. Which labs are useful for diagnosing polycystic kidney disease?: -Urinary blood
and protein
-BUN/creatinine elevated
-RBC and Hct elevated
5. In addition to hemodialysis, what other treatment is used for polycystic
kidney disease?: Nephrectomy and/or transplant
6. What is an immunologic glomerular disease that is typically found in
children/teens and presents 1-2 weeks after an acute bacterial infection (most
often strep throat, Type III hypersensitivity reaction)?: Acute Glomerulonephritis
(self
resolving process after a few weeks)
7. Other than facial edema (from proteinuria & hypoalbuminemia) and oliguria,
what are two major clinical features found in acute glomerulonephritis?-
,: Hypertension & Hematuria
8. What is the treatment for Acute Glomerulonephritis?: No treatment, usually self
resolves, should be monitored by provider
9. What is a rare autoimmune disease of the glomerular membrane & renal
capillaries where responding WBCs surround & compress capillary loops?: -
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
10. Crescentic glomerulonephritis is typically found in what age of the
population?: >60 y/o
11. What is the most common subtype of crescentic glomerulonephritis?:
Goodpasture's Syndrome
12. Other that hematuria, what clinical feature of crescentic glomerulonephritis
may present as new onset or worsening as renal blood flow decreased?: -
Hypertension
-will progress to generalized edema and oliguria leading to anuria & acute renal
failure
13. What is the treatment for crescentic glomerulonephritis?: Lifelong
hemodialysis or
kidney transplant (most people never recover)
14. A sudden decrease in arterial pressures that cause acute hypoperfusion,
typically following cardiac arrest, shock, or bleeding can result in which
circulatory glomerular disease?: Acute Tubular Necrosis
15. Toxins or an overdose of what common medications can cause Acute Tubular
Necrosis?: NSAIDs
16. What is the treatment for acute tubular necrosis considering that the renal
tubules usually regenerate, allowing the kidneys to function again?: Hemodialysis
,for 1-2 weeks
17. Atherosclerosis and chronic hypoperfusion leads to ischemia and loss of
glomeruli in which circulatory glomerular disease?: Nephroangiosclerosis
18. In nephroangiosclerosis, kidney atrophy with heavy scarring that leads
to permanent/chronic renal insufficiency is often associated with which two
pathological processes?: Hypertension and diabetes
19. What is the treatment for Nephroangiosclerosis?: Lifelong hemodialysis or
kidney
transplant
20. DM results in which process that begins 10-20 years after onset and presents
with recurrent cycles of renal ischemia, necrosis and eventual healing
by fibrosis?: Diabetic Neuropathy
21. Which systemic disorder results in chronic renal ischemia that slowly damages
membranes, resulting in proteinuria?: Hypertension (causes 30% of all end-stage
renal
disease)
22. What are the four main types of renal stones?: (1) Calcium (2) Struvite (3) Uric
Acid (4)
Cystine
23. Renal stones typically affect males more than females, more often in the
late teens to middle age, with what risk factors?: Risk factors: dehydration, diet
(protein
rich), and medications (diuretics including caffeine)
24. What are 75% of all renal stones, and are radiopaque on plain films?: Calcium
Stones
, 25. What are 15% of all renal stones and are associated with chronic UTIs and
urosepsis (staghorn calculi)?: Struvite Stones
26. Which type of renal stones make up about 5% of cases and are associated
with Gout?: Uric acid stones
27. Which type of renal stones are a rare amino acid metabolism error?: Cystine
Stones
28. What are the three main renal stone "triggers"?: -Renal colic (intense pain
spasms)
-Flank pain
-Hematuria
29. Which clinical feature is the biggest giveaway for kidney stones (triggered
by a migrating stone)?: Renal Colic (follows the urethral path with a "wrap
around" pattern of pain)
30. Which process of kidney stones is fluid pressure that stretches the renal
capsule, resulting in visceral/flank pain?: Hydronephrosis
31. Considering that stones that are <5mm have a 98% passage rate, for those
that are larger, where is the most common site of obstruction?: Ureterovesical
Junction
(UVJ)
32. Expulsion therapy with what types of drugs are used in the treatment of
kidney stones? What is used for pain relief?: Alpha-Antagonists (Tamsulosin &
Alfuzosin)
NSAIDs
33. Severe hydronephrosis flattens papillae of the kidneys which cause the
