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NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology — Module 6 Concepts and Alterations
of the Hormonal System: Quiz Bank
Course: NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: William Paterson University — Department of
Nursing
Module: 6 of 7
Required Text: McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., &
Rote, N. S. (2019/2023). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for
disease in adults and children (8th/9th ed.). Mosby Elsevier
Module 6 Overview: This module covers the structure and
function of the endocrine system and the pathophysiology of
hormonal alterations. Topics include hormone mechanisms of
action, feedback systems, pituitary disorders (hypopituitarism,
acromegaly, gigantism, SIADH, diabetes insipidus), thyroid
disorders (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid storm,
myxedema coma), adrenal disorders (Cushing syndrome,
Addison disease, pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism),
pancreatic disorders (Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, DKA,
HHS), and parathyroid disorders (hyperparathyroidism,
hypoparathyroidism). Students must understand the
mechanisms of hormone action, feedback regulation, and the
clinical manifestations of endocrine disease.
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SECTION A: HORMONE MECHANISMS AND FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS
1. Obvious changes in cell function that are the result of
stimulation by a particular hormone describe which factor?
A) Direct effects
B) Permissive effects
C) Trophic effects
D) Synergistic effects
Answer: A
Rationale: Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell
function resulting from hormone stimulation. Permissive effects
occur when one hormone enables another hormone to act;
trophic effects involve growth stimulation; synergistic effects
occur when two hormones together produce a greater effect
than either alone.
2. Sensitivity of a target cell is down-regulated when the:
A) Level of hormone that binds with the receptor is high
B) Number of receptors for the hormone is high
C) Direct effects of the hormone are detected
D) Permissive effects of the hormone are detected
Answer: A
Rationale: Down-regulation occurs when high hormone
concentrations decrease target cell receptor numbers, reducing
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
sensitivity and preventing overstimulation. Up-regulation occurs
when hormone levels are low, increasing receptor numbers.
3. Which are characteristics of a hormone? (Select all that
apply)
A) Hormones have specific rates and rhythms of secretion
B) Hormones affect only cells with appropriate receptors
C) Hormones are excreted by the kidneys
D) Hormones are produced only by endocrine glands
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: Hormones have specific secretion rhythms, affect
only target cells with appropriate receptors, and are
metabolized/excreted by the kidneys and liver. Some hormones
are produced by non-endocrine tissues (e.g., heart, adipose
tissue), so D is incorrect.
4. Which are considered second messengers? (Select all that
apply)
A) Diacylglycerol (DAG)
B) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
C) Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
D) Calcium
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: cAMP, DAG, and IP3 are second messengers that
mediate hormone action. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A
(PKA), while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) and IP3
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
triggers calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Calcium also serves as a second messenger but is not typically
included in the primary list of second messengers in this
context.
5. Which statement is true regarding the hypothalamus?
A) It is divided into numerous nuclei
B) It synthesizes all pituitary hormones
C) It is not involved in endocrine regulation
D) It releases hormones only into the blood
Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus contains numerous nuclei that
regulate endocrine function through releasing/inhibiting
hormones. The anterior pituitary synthesizes its own hormones;
the posterior pituitary stores and releases hypothalamic
hormones (ADH, oxytocin).
6. What is the primary mechanism of negative feedback in the
endocrine system?
A) The final result of hormone action turns off further hormone
production
B) The presence of a hormone increases its own production
C) Hormone production is continuous regardless of physiologic
state
D) Hormones are produced only when stimulated by the
nervous system
NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology — Module 6 Concepts and Alterations
of the Hormonal System: Quiz Bank
Course: NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: William Paterson University — Department of
Nursing
Module: 6 of 7
Required Text: McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., &
Rote, N. S. (2019/2023). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for
disease in adults and children (8th/9th ed.). Mosby Elsevier
Module 6 Overview: This module covers the structure and
function of the endocrine system and the pathophysiology of
hormonal alterations. Topics include hormone mechanisms of
action, feedback systems, pituitary disorders (hypopituitarism,
acromegaly, gigantism, SIADH, diabetes insipidus), thyroid
disorders (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid storm,
myxedema coma), adrenal disorders (Cushing syndrome,
Addison disease, pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism),
pancreatic disorders (Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, DKA,
HHS), and parathyroid disorders (hyperparathyroidism,
hypoparathyroidism). Students must understand the
mechanisms of hormone action, feedback regulation, and the
clinical manifestations of endocrine disease.
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
SECTION A: HORMONE MECHANISMS AND FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS
1. Obvious changes in cell function that are the result of
stimulation by a particular hormone describe which factor?
A) Direct effects
B) Permissive effects
C) Trophic effects
D) Synergistic effects
Answer: A
Rationale: Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell
function resulting from hormone stimulation. Permissive effects
occur when one hormone enables another hormone to act;
trophic effects involve growth stimulation; synergistic effects
occur when two hormones together produce a greater effect
than either alone.
2. Sensitivity of a target cell is down-regulated when the:
A) Level of hormone that binds with the receptor is high
B) Number of receptors for the hormone is high
C) Direct effects of the hormone are detected
D) Permissive effects of the hormone are detected
Answer: A
Rationale: Down-regulation occurs when high hormone
concentrations decrease target cell receptor numbers, reducing
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
sensitivity and preventing overstimulation. Up-regulation occurs
when hormone levels are low, increasing receptor numbers.
3. Which are characteristics of a hormone? (Select all that
apply)
A) Hormones have specific rates and rhythms of secretion
B) Hormones affect only cells with appropriate receptors
C) Hormones are excreted by the kidneys
D) Hormones are produced only by endocrine glands
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: Hormones have specific secretion rhythms, affect
only target cells with appropriate receptors, and are
metabolized/excreted by the kidneys and liver. Some hormones
are produced by non-endocrine tissues (e.g., heart, adipose
tissue), so D is incorrect.
4. Which are considered second messengers? (Select all that
apply)
A) Diacylglycerol (DAG)
B) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
C) Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
D) Calcium
Answer: A, B, C
Rationale: cAMP, DAG, and IP3 are second messengers that
mediate hormone action. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A
(PKA), while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) and IP3
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
triggers calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Calcium also serves as a second messenger but is not typically
included in the primary list of second messengers in this
context.
5. Which statement is true regarding the hypothalamus?
A) It is divided into numerous nuclei
B) It synthesizes all pituitary hormones
C) It is not involved in endocrine regulation
D) It releases hormones only into the blood
Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus contains numerous nuclei that
regulate endocrine function through releasing/inhibiting
hormones. The anterior pituitary synthesizes its own hormones;
the posterior pituitary stores and releases hypothalamic
hormones (ADH, oxytocin).
6. What is the primary mechanism of negative feedback in the
endocrine system?
A) The final result of hormone action turns off further hormone
production
B) The presence of a hormone increases its own production
C) Hormone production is continuous regardless of physiologic
state
D) Hormones are produced only when stimulated by the
nervous system
