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NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology — Module 7 Concepts and Alterations
of the Urinary and Musculoskeletal Systems: Quiz Bank
Course: NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: William Paterson University — Department of
Nursing
Module: 7 of 7
Required Text: McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., &
Rote, N. S. (2019/2023). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for
disease in adults and children (8th/9th ed.). Mosby Elsevier
Module 7 Overview: This module covers the structure and
function of the urinary and musculoskeletal systems and the
pathophysiology of associated alterations. Topics include bone
physiology and metabolism, osteoporosis, osteomalacia,
osteomyelitis, Paget disease, fractures, joint disorders
(osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ankylosing
spondylitis), fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy, rhabdomyolysis,
renal function and diagnostics, acute kidney injury, chronic
kidney disease, urinary tract infections, glomerular disorders
(nephrotic and nephritic syndromes), renal calculi, and urinary
tract obstruction.
SECTION A: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM — STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
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1. What is the function of osteocalcin?
A) Forms compression-resistant networks between collagen
fibrils
B) Controls collagen interactions that lead to fibril formation
C) Plays a part in bone resorption by recruiting osteoclasts
D) Transports essential elements such as hormones
Answer: C
Rationale: Osteocalcin (bone Gla protein) is a non-collagenous
protein made by osteoblasts that binds calcium and is involved
in bone turnover. It helps regulate bone resorption, in part by
influencing osteoclast recruitment and activity.
2. Which term is used to identify the narrow tubular portion of
the long bone that merges into the neck?
A) Growth plate
B) Diaphysis
C) Metaphysis
D) Epiphysis
Answer: B
Rationale: The diaphysis is the long, narrow tubular shaft of a
long bone. The metaphysis is the flared portion near the growth
plate, and the epiphysis is the rounded end of the bone.
3. Which statement is true regarding the types of bone tissue?
A) Three types of bone exist
B) Compact bone makes up approximately 10% of the skeleton
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C) The major difference between the types of bone is the
organization of the elements
D) The different types of bone have different structural
elements
Answer: C
Rationale: Spongy and compact bone are composed of the
same basic elements (osteocytes, matrix, minerals), but these
are arranged differently (trabeculae vs. osteons). Compact bone
actually makes up the majority (~80–85%) of the skeleton.
4. Which are the most common mineral components of bone?
A) Sodium and potassium
B) Calcium and phosphorus
C) Magnesium and iron
D) Copper and zinc
Answer: B
Rationale: The most common mineral components of bone are
calcium and phosphorus, primarily in the form of
hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). These minerals provide bone
strength and rigidity.
5. Which cells are responsible for bone resorption?
A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteocytes
C) Osteoclasts
D) Chondrocytes
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Answer: C
Rationale: Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells
responsible for bone resorption. They secrete acid and
proteolytic enzymes that dissolve the mineral matrix and
degrade collagen. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone
formation; osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the
matrix; chondrocytes produce cartilage.
6. Which of the following factors activates bone remodeling?
A) Decreased physical stress
B) Excess vitamin D
C) Corticosteroids
D) Alcohol
Answer: B
Rationale: Excess vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and thyroid
hormone activate bone remodeling. Corticosteroids and alcohol
are associated with decreased bone formation and increased
bone loss (secondary osteoporosis), not activation of bone
remodeling in the beneficial sense.
7. Which hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating bone
resorption?
A) Calcitonin
B) Insulin
C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) Thyroid hormone
NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology — Module 7 Concepts and Alterations
of the Urinary and Musculoskeletal Systems: Quiz Bank
Course: NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: William Paterson University — Department of
Nursing
Module: 7 of 7
Required Text: McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., &
Rote, N. S. (2019/2023). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for
disease in adults and children (8th/9th ed.). Mosby Elsevier
Module 7 Overview: This module covers the structure and
function of the urinary and musculoskeletal systems and the
pathophysiology of associated alterations. Topics include bone
physiology and metabolism, osteoporosis, osteomalacia,
osteomyelitis, Paget disease, fractures, joint disorders
(osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ankylosing
spondylitis), fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophy, rhabdomyolysis,
renal function and diagnostics, acute kidney injury, chronic
kidney disease, urinary tract infections, glomerular disorders
(nephrotic and nephritic syndromes), renal calculi, and urinary
tract obstruction.
SECTION A: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM — STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
1. What is the function of osteocalcin?
A) Forms compression-resistant networks between collagen
fibrils
B) Controls collagen interactions that lead to fibril formation
C) Plays a part in bone resorption by recruiting osteoclasts
D) Transports essential elements such as hormones
Answer: C
Rationale: Osteocalcin (bone Gla protein) is a non-collagenous
protein made by osteoblasts that binds calcium and is involved
in bone turnover. It helps regulate bone resorption, in part by
influencing osteoclast recruitment and activity.
2. Which term is used to identify the narrow tubular portion of
the long bone that merges into the neck?
A) Growth plate
B) Diaphysis
C) Metaphysis
D) Epiphysis
Answer: B
Rationale: The diaphysis is the long, narrow tubular shaft of a
long bone. The metaphysis is the flared portion near the growth
plate, and the epiphysis is the rounded end of the bone.
3. Which statement is true regarding the types of bone tissue?
A) Three types of bone exist
B) Compact bone makes up approximately 10% of the skeleton
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
C) The major difference between the types of bone is the
organization of the elements
D) The different types of bone have different structural
elements
Answer: C
Rationale: Spongy and compact bone are composed of the
same basic elements (osteocytes, matrix, minerals), but these
are arranged differently (trabeculae vs. osteons). Compact bone
actually makes up the majority (~80–85%) of the skeleton.
4. Which are the most common mineral components of bone?
A) Sodium and potassium
B) Calcium and phosphorus
C) Magnesium and iron
D) Copper and zinc
Answer: B
Rationale: The most common mineral components of bone are
calcium and phosphorus, primarily in the form of
hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). These minerals provide bone
strength and rigidity.
5. Which cells are responsible for bone resorption?
A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteocytes
C) Osteoclasts
D) Chondrocytes
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
Answer: C
Rationale: Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells
responsible for bone resorption. They secrete acid and
proteolytic enzymes that dissolve the mineral matrix and
degrade collagen. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone
formation; osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the
matrix; chondrocytes produce cartilage.
6. Which of the following factors activates bone remodeling?
A) Decreased physical stress
B) Excess vitamin D
C) Corticosteroids
D) Alcohol
Answer: B
Rationale: Excess vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and thyroid
hormone activate bone remodeling. Corticosteroids and alcohol
are associated with decreased bone formation and increased
bone loss (secondary osteoporosis), not activation of bone
remodeling in the beneficial sense.
7. Which hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating bone
resorption?
A) Calcitonin
B) Insulin
C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) Thyroid hormone
