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NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology — Module 1 Concepts and Alterations
of Immunity and Cancer Biology: Quiz Bank
Course: NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: William Paterson University — Department of
Nursing
Module: 1 of 7
Required Text: McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., &
Rote, N. S. (2019/2023). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for
disease in adults and children (8th/9th ed.). Mosby Elsevier
Module 1 Overview: This module establishes the foundational
concepts of cellular biology, inflammation, immunity, and
carcinogenesis. Students must master the cellular basis of
disease, innate and adaptive immune responses,
hypersensitivity reactions, and the genetic and molecular
mechanisms of cancer development. The content provides the
biologic framework for understanding alterations in all body
systems covered in subsequent modules.
SECTION A: CELLULAR BIOLOGY AND ALTERATIONS
1. Which of the following best describes the process of
apoptosis?
A. Cell swelling, rupture, and inflammation
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B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Coagulative necrosis due to ischemia
D. Liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by
cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, apoptotic body
formation, and phagocytosis without inflammation. Necrosis
involves cell swelling, rupture, and inflammation. Coagulative
and liquefactive necrosis are forms of necrosis.
2. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible
change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult
cell type?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type with another, often in response to
chronic irritation (e.g., Barrett's esophagus: squamous to
columnar epithelium). Atrophy is shrinkage; hypertrophy is
enlargement; dysplasia is disordered growth and is not fully
reversible.
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3. Which of the following is a major cause of cellular injury?
A. Hypoxia
B. Regular exercise
C. Adequate nutrition
D. Normal aging
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) is a major cause of
cellular injury, leading to ATP depletion, anaerobic metabolism,
cell swelling, and ultimately necrosis or apoptosis. Other causes
include physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents,
immune reactions, and genetic defects. Regular exercise,
adequate nutrition, and normal aging are not causes of cellular
injury.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of reversible cell
injury?
A. Cell swelling and fatty change
B. Cell rupture and inflammation
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Apoptotic body formation
Answer: A
Rationale: Reversible cell injury is characterized by cell swelling
(hydropic change), fatty change, and other sublethal alterations
that can be reversed if the injurious stimulus is removed.
Irreversible injury leads to necrosis or apoptosis, with cell
NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology — Module 1 Concepts and Alterations
of Immunity and Cancer Biology: Quiz Bank
Course: NUR 5461 Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: William Paterson University — Department of
Nursing
Module: 1 of 7
Required Text: McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., &
Rote, N. S. (2019/2023). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for
disease in adults and children (8th/9th ed.). Mosby Elsevier
Module 1 Overview: This module establishes the foundational
concepts of cellular biology, inflammation, immunity, and
carcinogenesis. Students must master the cellular basis of
disease, innate and adaptive immune responses,
hypersensitivity reactions, and the genetic and molecular
mechanisms of cancer development. The content provides the
biologic framework for understanding alterations in all body
systems covered in subsequent modules.
SECTION A: CELLULAR BIOLOGY AND ALTERATIONS
1. Which of the following best describes the process of
apoptosis?
A. Cell swelling, rupture, and inflammation
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Coagulative necrosis due to ischemia
D. Liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by
cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, apoptotic body
formation, and phagocytosis without inflammation. Necrosis
involves cell swelling, rupture, and inflammation. Coagulative
and liquefactive necrosis are forms of necrosis.
2. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible
change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult
cell type?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type with another, often in response to
chronic irritation (e.g., Barrett's esophagus: squamous to
columnar epithelium). Atrophy is shrinkage; hypertrophy is
enlargement; dysplasia is disordered growth and is not fully
reversible.
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
3. Which of the following is a major cause of cellular injury?
A. Hypoxia
B. Regular exercise
C. Adequate nutrition
D. Normal aging
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) is a major cause of
cellular injury, leading to ATP depletion, anaerobic metabolism,
cell swelling, and ultimately necrosis or apoptosis. Other causes
include physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents,
immune reactions, and genetic defects. Regular exercise,
adequate nutrition, and normal aging are not causes of cellular
injury.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of reversible cell
injury?
A. Cell swelling and fatty change
B. Cell rupture and inflammation
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Apoptotic body formation
Answer: A
Rationale: Reversible cell injury is characterized by cell swelling
(hydropic change), fatty change, and other sublethal alterations
that can be reversed if the injurious stimulus is removed.
Irreversible injury leads to necrosis or apoptosis, with cell
