Rutgers BIO 116 Final Exam Review & Practice Questions - 2026-2027 | General Biology Study Guide
sister groups the relationship of new clades that result from the splitting of a single common
lineage
Identify which of the following describes a monophyletic a.
group.
a. A common ancestor and all descendants
b. More than one of the above describes a monophyletic
group
c. A common ancestor and some descendants
d. Several groups that do not share a common ancestor
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents c.
a. the relationships between species based on their
phenotypic similarity
b. a theory that explains how life began
c. the pattern of descent of a group of organisms
d. a prediction of future evolutionary events
Compare and contrast viral characteristics. Which of the I and II
following are found in all viruses?
I. Genetic material
II. Capsomeres
III. Envelope
Correctly sequence the lytic cycle of bacteriophage II->III->V->IV->I
replication.
I. Lysis of host cell
II. Virus attaches to host cell
III. Viral genome enters host cell
IV. Assembly of new viruses
V. Viral gene expression and genome replication
Influenza C is a viral disease which causes inflammation of I and III
the nasal cavities and lungs of cattle. Mumps is a viral
disease of humans which causes fever, muscle aches, and
a characteristic swelling of the salivary glands. Based on
this information, hypothesize which of the following
characteristics these viruses share
I. Replication inside host cells
II. Reproduction via binary fission
III. Attachment to specific receptors on host cells
IV. Possess organelles
Identify which of the following occurs in the lysogenic viral b.
replication cycle.
a. Fertilization
b. Prophage
c. Host cell lysis
d. Spores
A chemoautotroph gets its energy from ______ and its II and III
carbon from _______________
I. the sun
II. chemical reactions
III. inorganic sources (CO_2)
IV. organic sources (glucose)
,Rutgers BIO 116 Final Exam Review & Practice Questions - 2026-2027 | General Biology Study Guide
Identify which of the following characteristics describe I, IV, and V
organisms in the domain Archaea
I. Chromosome and ribosomes present
II. Membrane-bound organelles present
III. Nuclear envelope present
IV. Many are extremophiles
V. Peptidoglycan absent from cell wall
Many bacteria have flagella which they use to more d.
through their environment. Which of the following occur
during the function of a bacterial flagellum?
a. Protons diffuse through the hook
b. An electron gradient must form across the plasma
membrane
c. The energy is provided by ATP hydrolysis
d. The turning of the hook causes the filament to rotate
Compare and contrast genetic diversifying mechanisms. I and V
Which of the following are possible sources of diversity in a
species of bacteria?
I. Mutations
II. Fertilization
III. Meiosis
IV. Binary Fission
V. Conjugation
Identify which of the following materials is a primary b.
component of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
a. Protein
b. Peptidoglycan
c. Cellulose
d. Chitin
Identify which of the following groups of bacteria were II and IV
involved in primary endosymbiosis.
I. Methanogens
II. Cyanobacteria
III. Spirochetes
IV. Proteobacteria
Compare and contrast mechanisms of prokaryotic I and II
reproduction. Which of the following pairings is/are
correct?
I. Conjugation- DNA is passed through a pilus or mating
bridge
II. Binary Fission- Produces cells that are exact copies
III. Transformation- F+ factor determines recipient
IV. Transduction- DNA is incorporated directly from
environment.
Identify which of the following is/are components of BOTH I only
bacterial AND eukaryotic cells.
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. Nucleoid
IV. Peptidoglycan
Identify the character which is found ONLY in eukaryotic d.
cells.
a. DNA
b. Cell Wall
c. Ribosomes
d. Nucleus
, Rutgers BIO 116 Final Exam Review & Practice Questions - 2026-2027 | General Biology Study Guide
Correctly sequence eukaryotic evolution. Which eukaryotic d.
supergroup can be identifies by the presence of primary
plastids derived from cyanobacteria?
a. Opisthokonta
b. Chromalveolata
c. Excavata
d. Archaeplastida
Identify the characters which humans share with all I and III
protists.
I. Plasma membrane
II. Extracellular matrix (ECM)
III. Ribosomes
IV. Ectoderm
Identify which of the following structures represent shared III and IV
derived characters of eukaryotic cells.
I. Plasma membrane
II. Cell wall
III. Endomembrane system
IV. Cytoskeleton
As a DIRECT result of primary endosymbiosis of a d.
proteobacterium, the eukaryotic host cell
a. was able to undergo photosynthesis
b. developed an endomembrane system
c. was able to undergo cell division
d. had access to a greater amount of ATP
Identify which of the following traits accurately describe the c.
common ancestor of all Opisthokonta.
a. multicellular, flagellated
b. multicellular, no flagellum
c. unicellular, flagellated
d. unicellular, amoeba shaped
If an organism is in the clade Rhizaria, then it must also be b.
a. in clade Opisthokonta
b. a eukaryote
c. a diplomonad
d. a prokaryote
Compare and contrast nucleariids and choanoflagellates. d.
Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Nucleariids possess photosynthetic pigments while
choanoflagellates have two flagella
b. Nucleariids are protists while choanoflagellates are
animals
c. Both have a cell wall that consists mostly of
peptidoglycan
d. Both are members of the supergroup Opisthokonta
Identify which eukaryotic supergroup contains organisms a.
that have reduced mitochondria called mitosomes
a. Excavata
b. Archaeplastida
c. Opisthokonts
d. Amoebozoa
Identify which of the following fungal structures are used d.
for spore dispersal.
a. chitin
b. mycelium
c. haustoria
d. aerial hyphae
sister groups the relationship of new clades that result from the splitting of a single common
lineage
Identify which of the following describes a monophyletic a.
group.
a. A common ancestor and all descendants
b. More than one of the above describes a monophyletic
group
c. A common ancestor and some descendants
d. Several groups that do not share a common ancestor
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents c.
a. the relationships between species based on their
phenotypic similarity
b. a theory that explains how life began
c. the pattern of descent of a group of organisms
d. a prediction of future evolutionary events
Compare and contrast viral characteristics. Which of the I and II
following are found in all viruses?
I. Genetic material
II. Capsomeres
III. Envelope
Correctly sequence the lytic cycle of bacteriophage II->III->V->IV->I
replication.
I. Lysis of host cell
II. Virus attaches to host cell
III. Viral genome enters host cell
IV. Assembly of new viruses
V. Viral gene expression and genome replication
Influenza C is a viral disease which causes inflammation of I and III
the nasal cavities and lungs of cattle. Mumps is a viral
disease of humans which causes fever, muscle aches, and
a characteristic swelling of the salivary glands. Based on
this information, hypothesize which of the following
characteristics these viruses share
I. Replication inside host cells
II. Reproduction via binary fission
III. Attachment to specific receptors on host cells
IV. Possess organelles
Identify which of the following occurs in the lysogenic viral b.
replication cycle.
a. Fertilization
b. Prophage
c. Host cell lysis
d. Spores
A chemoautotroph gets its energy from ______ and its II and III
carbon from _______________
I. the sun
II. chemical reactions
III. inorganic sources (CO_2)
IV. organic sources (glucose)
,Rutgers BIO 116 Final Exam Review & Practice Questions - 2026-2027 | General Biology Study Guide
Identify which of the following characteristics describe I, IV, and V
organisms in the domain Archaea
I. Chromosome and ribosomes present
II. Membrane-bound organelles present
III. Nuclear envelope present
IV. Many are extremophiles
V. Peptidoglycan absent from cell wall
Many bacteria have flagella which they use to more d.
through their environment. Which of the following occur
during the function of a bacterial flagellum?
a. Protons diffuse through the hook
b. An electron gradient must form across the plasma
membrane
c. The energy is provided by ATP hydrolysis
d. The turning of the hook causes the filament to rotate
Compare and contrast genetic diversifying mechanisms. I and V
Which of the following are possible sources of diversity in a
species of bacteria?
I. Mutations
II. Fertilization
III. Meiosis
IV. Binary Fission
V. Conjugation
Identify which of the following materials is a primary b.
component of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
a. Protein
b. Peptidoglycan
c. Cellulose
d. Chitin
Identify which of the following groups of bacteria were II and IV
involved in primary endosymbiosis.
I. Methanogens
II. Cyanobacteria
III. Spirochetes
IV. Proteobacteria
Compare and contrast mechanisms of prokaryotic I and II
reproduction. Which of the following pairings is/are
correct?
I. Conjugation- DNA is passed through a pilus or mating
bridge
II. Binary Fission- Produces cells that are exact copies
III. Transformation- F+ factor determines recipient
IV. Transduction- DNA is incorporated directly from
environment.
Identify which of the following is/are components of BOTH I only
bacterial AND eukaryotic cells.
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. Nucleoid
IV. Peptidoglycan
Identify the character which is found ONLY in eukaryotic d.
cells.
a. DNA
b. Cell Wall
c. Ribosomes
d. Nucleus
, Rutgers BIO 116 Final Exam Review & Practice Questions - 2026-2027 | General Biology Study Guide
Correctly sequence eukaryotic evolution. Which eukaryotic d.
supergroup can be identifies by the presence of primary
plastids derived from cyanobacteria?
a. Opisthokonta
b. Chromalveolata
c. Excavata
d. Archaeplastida
Identify the characters which humans share with all I and III
protists.
I. Plasma membrane
II. Extracellular matrix (ECM)
III. Ribosomes
IV. Ectoderm
Identify which of the following structures represent shared III and IV
derived characters of eukaryotic cells.
I. Plasma membrane
II. Cell wall
III. Endomembrane system
IV. Cytoskeleton
As a DIRECT result of primary endosymbiosis of a d.
proteobacterium, the eukaryotic host cell
a. was able to undergo photosynthesis
b. developed an endomembrane system
c. was able to undergo cell division
d. had access to a greater amount of ATP
Identify which of the following traits accurately describe the c.
common ancestor of all Opisthokonta.
a. multicellular, flagellated
b. multicellular, no flagellum
c. unicellular, flagellated
d. unicellular, amoeba shaped
If an organism is in the clade Rhizaria, then it must also be b.
a. in clade Opisthokonta
b. a eukaryote
c. a diplomonad
d. a prokaryote
Compare and contrast nucleariids and choanoflagellates. d.
Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Nucleariids possess photosynthetic pigments while
choanoflagellates have two flagella
b. Nucleariids are protists while choanoflagellates are
animals
c. Both have a cell wall that consists mostly of
peptidoglycan
d. Both are members of the supergroup Opisthokonta
Identify which eukaryotic supergroup contains organisms a.
that have reduced mitochondria called mitosomes
a. Excavata
b. Archaeplastida
c. Opisthokonts
d. Amoebozoa
Identify which of the following fungal structures are used d.
for spore dispersal.
a. chitin
b. mycelium
c. haustoria
d. aerial hyphae
