Fetal Echocardiography: Congenital Heart Disease (Chapter 34)
Questions With Correct Answers A+ Graded 2026-2027
septal defect - CORRECT ANSWER -defect that provides communication between the left atrium
and the right atrium that continues after birth
atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) - CORRECT ANSWER -failure of the endocardial cushion to
fuse; this defect of the central heart provides communication between the ventricles, between
the atria, or between the atria and ventricles
bicuspid aortic valve - CORRECT ANSWER -congenital abnormality that causes two of the three
aortic leaflets to fuse together, resulting in a two-leaflet valve, instead of the normal three-
leaflet valve; usually the cusps are asymmetrical in size and position; may be the cause of adult
aortic stenosis and/or insufficiency
cardiomyopathy - CORRECT ANSWER -disease of the myocardial muscle layer of the heart that
causes the heart to dilate secondary to regurgitation; also affects cardiac function
dextrocardia - CORRECT ANSWER -the heart is in the right chest with the apex pointed to the
right of the thorax
dextroposition - CORRECT ANSWER -condition in which the heart is located in the right side of
the chest with the cardiac apex pointing medially or to the left
levocardia - CORRECT ANSWER -normal position of the heart in the left chest with the cardiac
apex pointed to the left
levoposition - CORRECT ANSWER -condition in which the heart is displaced farther toward the
left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion
, mesocardia - CORRECT ANSWER -atypical location of the heart in the middle of the chest with
the cardiac apex pointing toward the midline of the chest
myocarditis - CORRECT ANSWER -cardiac disease process of necrosis and destruction of
myocardial cells that involves an inflammatory infiltrate
partial anomalous pulmonary venous return - CORRECT ANSWER -condition in which the
pulmonary veins do not all enter the left atrial cavity
pericardial effusion - CORRECT ANSWER -abnormal collection of fluid surrounding the epicardial
layer of the heart
ventricular septal defect - CORRECT ANSWER -defect in the ventricular septum that provides
communication between the right and left chambers of the heart; most common congenital
lesion in the heart
aortic stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER -abnormal development of the cusps of the aortic valve,
which results in thickened and domed leaflets
Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve - CORRECT ANSWER -abnormal displacement of the
septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve toward the apex of the right ventricle; the right ventricle
above this leaflet becomes the "atrialized" chamber
hypoplastic left heart syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -underdevelopment of the left ventricle
with aortic and/or mitral atresia; left ventricle is extremely thickened compared with the right
ventricle
hypoplastic right heart syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -underdevelopment of the right
ventricular outflow tract secondary to pulmonary stenosis; tricuspid atresia is often found
Questions With Correct Answers A+ Graded 2026-2027
septal defect - CORRECT ANSWER -defect that provides communication between the left atrium
and the right atrium that continues after birth
atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) - CORRECT ANSWER -failure of the endocardial cushion to
fuse; this defect of the central heart provides communication between the ventricles, between
the atria, or between the atria and ventricles
bicuspid aortic valve - CORRECT ANSWER -congenital abnormality that causes two of the three
aortic leaflets to fuse together, resulting in a two-leaflet valve, instead of the normal three-
leaflet valve; usually the cusps are asymmetrical in size and position; may be the cause of adult
aortic stenosis and/or insufficiency
cardiomyopathy - CORRECT ANSWER -disease of the myocardial muscle layer of the heart that
causes the heart to dilate secondary to regurgitation; also affects cardiac function
dextrocardia - CORRECT ANSWER -the heart is in the right chest with the apex pointed to the
right of the thorax
dextroposition - CORRECT ANSWER -condition in which the heart is located in the right side of
the chest with the cardiac apex pointing medially or to the left
levocardia - CORRECT ANSWER -normal position of the heart in the left chest with the cardiac
apex pointed to the left
levoposition - CORRECT ANSWER -condition in which the heart is displaced farther toward the
left chest, usually in association with a space-occupying lesion
, mesocardia - CORRECT ANSWER -atypical location of the heart in the middle of the chest with
the cardiac apex pointing toward the midline of the chest
myocarditis - CORRECT ANSWER -cardiac disease process of necrosis and destruction of
myocardial cells that involves an inflammatory infiltrate
partial anomalous pulmonary venous return - CORRECT ANSWER -condition in which the
pulmonary veins do not all enter the left atrial cavity
pericardial effusion - CORRECT ANSWER -abnormal collection of fluid surrounding the epicardial
layer of the heart
ventricular septal defect - CORRECT ANSWER -defect in the ventricular septum that provides
communication between the right and left chambers of the heart; most common congenital
lesion in the heart
aortic stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER -abnormal development of the cusps of the aortic valve,
which results in thickened and domed leaflets
Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve - CORRECT ANSWER -abnormal displacement of the
septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve toward the apex of the right ventricle; the right ventricle
above this leaflet becomes the "atrialized" chamber
hypoplastic left heart syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -underdevelopment of the left ventricle
with aortic and/or mitral atresia; left ventricle is extremely thickened compared with the right
ventricle
hypoplastic right heart syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -underdevelopment of the right
ventricular outflow tract secondary to pulmonary stenosis; tricuspid atresia is often found
