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NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM
REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER-The sodium-potassium
pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating
an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Mitochondria are known as the
'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - ANSWER-In metabolic
acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of
acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
B Lymphocytes - ANSWER-B cells differentiate into plasma
cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
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Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - ANSWER-Reversible
injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx
and cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - ANSWER-IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus
to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER-Type 1 DM is an
autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - ANSWER-Redness
(rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the
inflamed area.
Down Syndrome - ANSWER-Trisomy 21 leads to Down
syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct
facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER-In the brain, ischemic injury
leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in
liquefactive necrosis.
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IgM - ANSWER-IgM is the first antibody produced and is
effective in agglutination and complement activation.
Oncogene - ANSWER-Oncogenes are mutated proto-
oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation.
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-Low potassium levels disturb the
cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity - ANSWER-SLE involves immune
complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread
inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER-The primary motor cortex, located in
the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion - ANSWER-Shock results in
inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing
cellular dysfunction.
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Bronchoconstriction and mucus production - ANSWER-Asthma
involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and
increased mucus, narrowing the airway.
Apoptosis - ANSWER-Apoptosis is an orderly process for
removing damaged or unneeded cells without inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture - ANSWER-Plaque rupture leads
to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing
infarction.
Serum creatinine - ANSWER-Creatinine is a waste product
filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired renal
function.
Aldosterone - ANSWER-Aldosterone promotes Na⁺
reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase blood
volume.
NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM
REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER-The sodium-potassium
pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating
an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria - ANSWER-Mitochondria are known as the
'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative
phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - ANSWER-In metabolic
acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of
acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
B Lymphocytes - ANSWER-B cells differentiate into plasma
cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
,2 | Page
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - ANSWER-Reversible
injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx
and cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - ANSWER-IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus
to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER-Type 1 DM is an
autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - ANSWER-Redness
(rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the
inflamed area.
Down Syndrome - ANSWER-Trisomy 21 leads to Down
syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct
facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER-In the brain, ischemic injury
leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in
liquefactive necrosis.
,3 | Page
IgM - ANSWER-IgM is the first antibody produced and is
effective in agglutination and complement activation.
Oncogene - ANSWER-Oncogenes are mutated proto-
oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation.
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-Low potassium levels disturb the
cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity - ANSWER-SLE involves immune
complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread
inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER-The primary motor cortex, located in
the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion - ANSWER-Shock results in
inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing
cellular dysfunction.
, 4 | Page
Bronchoconstriction and mucus production - ANSWER-Asthma
involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and
increased mucus, narrowing the airway.
Apoptosis - ANSWER-Apoptosis is an orderly process for
removing damaged or unneeded cells without inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture - ANSWER-Plaque rupture leads
to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing
infarction.
Serum creatinine - ANSWER-Creatinine is a waste product
filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired renal
function.
Aldosterone - ANSWER-Aldosterone promotes Na⁺
reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase blood
volume.
