NUR 168 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | LATEST NUR 168
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
acid - ANS ✔✔substance containing a hydrogen ion that can be liberated or released
Acidosis - ANS ✔✔condition characterized by a proportionate excess of hydrogen ions in the extracellular
fluid, in which the pH falls below 7.35
active transport - ANS ✔✔movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes, usually against a
pressure gradient and with the expenditure of metabolic energy
alkalosis - ANS ✔✔condition, characterized by a proportionate lack of hydrogen ions in the extracellular
fluid concentration, in which the pH exceeds 7.45
autologous transfusion - ANS ✔✔occurs when a patient donates one's own blood for a transfusion
base - ANS ✔✔substance that can accept or trap a hydrogen ion; synonym for alkali
buffer - ANS ✔✔substance that prevents body fluid from becoming overly acid or alkaline
capillary filtration - ANS ✔✔passage of fluid across the wall of the capillary; results from the force of
blood "pushing" against the walls of the capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure - ANS ✔✔pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the
body; synonym for oncotic pressure
dehydration - ANS ✔✔decreased water volume in body tissue
diffusion - ANS ✔✔tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
edema - ANS ✔✔accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces
electrolytes - ANS ✔✔substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an electric charge when
dissolved in solution
extracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids
hydrostatic pressure - ANS ✔✔force exerted by a fluid against the container wall
hypercalemia - ANS ✔✔excessive calcium in the extracellular space
hyperkalemia - ANS ✔✔excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid
,Hypermagnesemia - ANS ✔✔excess of magnesium in the extracellular fluid
Hypernatremia - ANS ✔✔excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid
Hyperphosphatemia - ANS ✔✔above-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus
hypertonic - ANS ✔✔having a greater concentration than the solution with which it is being compared
hypervolemia - ANS ✔✔excess of plasma
hypotonic - ANS ✔✔having a lesser concentration than the solution with which it is being compared
hypovolemia - ANS ✔✔deficiency of blood plasma
intracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔fluid within the cell; synonym for cellular fluid
isotonic - ANS ✔✔having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared
Osmolarity - ANS ✔✔concentration of particles in a solution, or a solution's pulling power
Osmosis - ANS ✔✔passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser
concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established
pH - ANS ✔✔expression of hydrogen ion concentration and resulting acidity of a substance
Solutes - ANS ✔✔substance dissolved in a solution
Solvents - ANS ✔✔liquid holding a substance in solution
chemical reactions in the body depend on? - ANS ✔✔acid and base balance
adequate balance of what is imperative to maintain healthy functioning of the body? - ANS ✔✔fluid and
electrolytes
primary body fluid - ANS ✔✔water- most important nutrient
Functions of water in the body (7) - ANS ✔✔Transport nutrients to cells and wastes from cells
Transport hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red and white blood cells
Facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning
Act as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
Help maintain normal body temperature
Facilitate digestion and promote elimination
Act as a tissue lubricant
The term total body water or fluid refers to - ANS ✔✔refers to the total amount of water
, what percentage of water makes up the weight of a healthy person - ANS ✔✔50-60%
intracellular fluid makes up which % of total body water - ANS ✔✔constituting about 70% of the total
body water
Extracellular fluid makes up which % of total body water - ANS ✔✔accounting for about 30% of the total
body water
3 compartments of extracellular fluid ( 2 majors and 1 minor) - ANS ✔✔the intravascular and interstitial
compartments ( major)
transcellular fluid (minor)
what is intravascular fluid - ANS ✔✔Intravascular fluid, or plasma, is the liquid component of the blood
(i.e., fluid found within the vascular system)
What is interstitial fluid? - ANS ✔✔the fluid that surrounds tissue cells and includes lymph
What is transcellular fluid? - ANS ✔✔Transcellular fluids include cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial,
intraocular, and pleural fluids, as well as sweat and digestive secretions
which patients would we see more total body fluid and extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANS ✔✔infants
T or F: infants are at an increased risk for fluid volume deficient - ANS ✔✔True. Because ECF is more
easily lost from the body than ICF, infants are at increased risk for fluid volume deficits
T or F: the more obese person would have more body fluid than a leaner person? - ANS ✔✔False: Fat
cells contain little water, whereas lean tissue is rich in water. Thus, the more obese a person is, the
smaller the person's percentage of total body water is when compared with body weight
how is fluid intake regulated? - ANS ✔✔thirst mechanism
where is the thirst mechanism located? - ANS ✔✔hypothalamus
what is the end product of oxygenation - ANS ✔✔water
average fluid intake per day - ANS ✔✔2,600 mL/day
2 Ways Fluid is Lost in the Body - ANS ✔✔1.) Sensible Loss: Can be measured and include urination,
defecation + wounds.
2.) Insensible Loss: Cannot be measured or seen and includes sweat and water vapor from lungs during
respiration. ( evaporation)
Average fluid output - ANS ✔✔2600 mL/day
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
acid - ANS ✔✔substance containing a hydrogen ion that can be liberated or released
Acidosis - ANS ✔✔condition characterized by a proportionate excess of hydrogen ions in the extracellular
fluid, in which the pH falls below 7.35
active transport - ANS ✔✔movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes, usually against a
pressure gradient and with the expenditure of metabolic energy
alkalosis - ANS ✔✔condition, characterized by a proportionate lack of hydrogen ions in the extracellular
fluid concentration, in which the pH exceeds 7.45
autologous transfusion - ANS ✔✔occurs when a patient donates one's own blood for a transfusion
base - ANS ✔✔substance that can accept or trap a hydrogen ion; synonym for alkali
buffer - ANS ✔✔substance that prevents body fluid from becoming overly acid or alkaline
capillary filtration - ANS ✔✔passage of fluid across the wall of the capillary; results from the force of
blood "pushing" against the walls of the capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure - ANS ✔✔pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the
body; synonym for oncotic pressure
dehydration - ANS ✔✔decreased water volume in body tissue
diffusion - ANS ✔✔tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
edema - ANS ✔✔accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces
electrolytes - ANS ✔✔substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an electric charge when
dissolved in solution
extracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids
hydrostatic pressure - ANS ✔✔force exerted by a fluid against the container wall
hypercalemia - ANS ✔✔excessive calcium in the extracellular space
hyperkalemia - ANS ✔✔excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid
,Hypermagnesemia - ANS ✔✔excess of magnesium in the extracellular fluid
Hypernatremia - ANS ✔✔excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid
Hyperphosphatemia - ANS ✔✔above-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus
hypertonic - ANS ✔✔having a greater concentration than the solution with which it is being compared
hypervolemia - ANS ✔✔excess of plasma
hypotonic - ANS ✔✔having a lesser concentration than the solution with which it is being compared
hypovolemia - ANS ✔✔deficiency of blood plasma
intracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔fluid within the cell; synonym for cellular fluid
isotonic - ANS ✔✔having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared
Osmolarity - ANS ✔✔concentration of particles in a solution, or a solution's pulling power
Osmosis - ANS ✔✔passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser
concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established
pH - ANS ✔✔expression of hydrogen ion concentration and resulting acidity of a substance
Solutes - ANS ✔✔substance dissolved in a solution
Solvents - ANS ✔✔liquid holding a substance in solution
chemical reactions in the body depend on? - ANS ✔✔acid and base balance
adequate balance of what is imperative to maintain healthy functioning of the body? - ANS ✔✔fluid and
electrolytes
primary body fluid - ANS ✔✔water- most important nutrient
Functions of water in the body (7) - ANS ✔✔Transport nutrients to cells and wastes from cells
Transport hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red and white blood cells
Facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning
Act as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
Help maintain normal body temperature
Facilitate digestion and promote elimination
Act as a tissue lubricant
The term total body water or fluid refers to - ANS ✔✔refers to the total amount of water
, what percentage of water makes up the weight of a healthy person - ANS ✔✔50-60%
intracellular fluid makes up which % of total body water - ANS ✔✔constituting about 70% of the total
body water
Extracellular fluid makes up which % of total body water - ANS ✔✔accounting for about 30% of the total
body water
3 compartments of extracellular fluid ( 2 majors and 1 minor) - ANS ✔✔the intravascular and interstitial
compartments ( major)
transcellular fluid (minor)
what is intravascular fluid - ANS ✔✔Intravascular fluid, or plasma, is the liquid component of the blood
(i.e., fluid found within the vascular system)
What is interstitial fluid? - ANS ✔✔the fluid that surrounds tissue cells and includes lymph
What is transcellular fluid? - ANS ✔✔Transcellular fluids include cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial,
intraocular, and pleural fluids, as well as sweat and digestive secretions
which patients would we see more total body fluid and extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANS ✔✔infants
T or F: infants are at an increased risk for fluid volume deficient - ANS ✔✔True. Because ECF is more
easily lost from the body than ICF, infants are at increased risk for fluid volume deficits
T or F: the more obese person would have more body fluid than a leaner person? - ANS ✔✔False: Fat
cells contain little water, whereas lean tissue is rich in water. Thus, the more obese a person is, the
smaller the person's percentage of total body water is when compared with body weight
how is fluid intake regulated? - ANS ✔✔thirst mechanism
where is the thirst mechanism located? - ANS ✔✔hypothalamus
what is the end product of oxygenation - ANS ✔✔water
average fluid intake per day - ANS ✔✔2,600 mL/day
2 Ways Fluid is Lost in the Body - ANS ✔✔1.) Sensible Loss: Can be measured and include urination,
defecation + wounds.
2.) Insensible Loss: Cannot be measured or seen and includes sweat and water vapor from lungs during
respiration. ( evaporation)
Average fluid output - ANS ✔✔2600 mL/day
