Test Bank for Pathophysiology Made Incredibly
Easy! 7th Edition by Teri Capriotti (All Chapters
1-13) | 2025/2026 Version | Graded A+
CHAPTER 1: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BASICS
QUESTION 1
A client sustains a severe ischemic injury to the kidney. Which type of cell death is most
likely to occur?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Autophagy
D) Metaplasia
*ANSWER: B) Necrosis
RATIONALE: Necrosis is cell death caused by injury, ischemia, or toxins. It results in cell
swelling, rupture, and inflammation. Option A is programmed cell death. Option C is self-
degradation. Option D is cellular adaptation.
,QUESTION 2
Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with cell injury and death?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hypercalcemia
*ANSWER: A) Hyperkalemia
RATIONALE: Cell injury causes potassium to leak from cells into the extracellular fluid,
leading to hyperkalemia. This is a common finding in conditions like rhabdomyolysis and
tumor lysis syndrome. Option B, C, and D are not typically associated with cell injury.
QUESTION 3
A nurse is teaching a client about the inflammatory response. Which cell type is the first
to arrive at the site of injury?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Macrophages
C) Neutrophils
D) Eosinophils
,*ANSWER: C) Neutrophils
RATIONALE: Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of acute
inflammation. They are part of the innate immune response and begin phagocytosis
within minutes to hours. Option A and D arrive later. Option B are the second wave of
cells.
QUESTION 4
What is the primary function of macrophages during inflammation?
A) Release histamine
B) Phagocytose debris and pathogens
C) Produce antibodies
D) Cause vasodilation
*ANSWER: B) Phagocytose debris and pathogens
RATIONALE: Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and digest debris, pathogens,
and dead cells. They also release cytokines to coordinate the immune response. Option A
is a function of mast cells. Option C is a function of B lymphocytes. Option D is a function
of histamine and other mediators.
QUESTION 5
A nurse is teaching a client about cellular adaptation. Which statement by the client
, indicates understanding of atrophy?
A) "Atrophy means my cells are increasing in size."
B) "Atrophy means my cells are shrinking due to decreased workload."
C) "Atrophy means my cells are multiplying rapidly."
D) "Atrophy means my cells are changing to a different type."
ANSWER: B) "Atrophy means my cells are shrinking due to decreased workload."
RATIONALE: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and function due to reduced workload,
disuse, or decreased blood supply. It is an adaptive response to decreased demand. Option
A describes hypertrophy. Option C describes hyperplasia. Option D describes metaplasia.
QUESTION 6
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size and function?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
ANSWER: B) Hypertrophy
RATIONALE: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size and function due to increased
workload or stimulation. It can be physiologic (e.g., muscle growth from exercise) or
Easy! 7th Edition by Teri Capriotti (All Chapters
1-13) | 2025/2026 Version | Graded A+
CHAPTER 1: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BASICS
QUESTION 1
A client sustains a severe ischemic injury to the kidney. Which type of cell death is most
likely to occur?
A) Apoptosis
B) Necrosis
C) Autophagy
D) Metaplasia
*ANSWER: B) Necrosis
RATIONALE: Necrosis is cell death caused by injury, ischemia, or toxins. It results in cell
swelling, rupture, and inflammation. Option A is programmed cell death. Option C is self-
degradation. Option D is cellular adaptation.
,QUESTION 2
Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with cell injury and death?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hypercalcemia
*ANSWER: A) Hyperkalemia
RATIONALE: Cell injury causes potassium to leak from cells into the extracellular fluid,
leading to hyperkalemia. This is a common finding in conditions like rhabdomyolysis and
tumor lysis syndrome. Option B, C, and D are not typically associated with cell injury.
QUESTION 3
A nurse is teaching a client about the inflammatory response. Which cell type is the first
to arrive at the site of injury?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Macrophages
C) Neutrophils
D) Eosinophils
,*ANSWER: C) Neutrophils
RATIONALE: Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of acute
inflammation. They are part of the innate immune response and begin phagocytosis
within minutes to hours. Option A and D arrive later. Option B are the second wave of
cells.
QUESTION 4
What is the primary function of macrophages during inflammation?
A) Release histamine
B) Phagocytose debris and pathogens
C) Produce antibodies
D) Cause vasodilation
*ANSWER: B) Phagocytose debris and pathogens
RATIONALE: Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and digest debris, pathogens,
and dead cells. They also release cytokines to coordinate the immune response. Option A
is a function of mast cells. Option C is a function of B lymphocytes. Option D is a function
of histamine and other mediators.
QUESTION 5
A nurse is teaching a client about cellular adaptation. Which statement by the client
, indicates understanding of atrophy?
A) "Atrophy means my cells are increasing in size."
B) "Atrophy means my cells are shrinking due to decreased workload."
C) "Atrophy means my cells are multiplying rapidly."
D) "Atrophy means my cells are changing to a different type."
ANSWER: B) "Atrophy means my cells are shrinking due to decreased workload."
RATIONALE: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and function due to reduced workload,
disuse, or decreased blood supply. It is an adaptive response to decreased demand. Option
A describes hypertrophy. Option C describes hyperplasia. Option D describes metaplasia.
QUESTION 6
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size and function?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
ANSWER: B) Hypertrophy
RATIONALE: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size and function due to increased
workload or stimulation. It can be physiologic (e.g., muscle growth from exercise) or
