NR 507 Final Exam (2026/2027) QUESTIONS AND
(elaborated) ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. What is the role of pathology in medicine?
To produce RNA
To study the structure and function of cells
To regulate cell growth and metabolism
To investigate the essential nature of disease
2. What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
motor
visual
auditory
somatosensory
3. If a patient presents with symptoms of infective endocarditis, which
diagnostic test would most likely confirm the presence of Staphylococcus
aureus?
Blood culture
Chest X-ray
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Complete blood count (CBC)
4. What ion interacts with troponin to initiate muscle contraction?
Sodium
Calcium
, Magnesium
Potassium
5. What is the primary cause of secondary polycythemia?
Genetic mutations affecting red blood cell production
Increased erythropoietin secretion due to chronic hypoxia
Infection leading to anemia
Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
6. What is the definition of vascular remodeling?
The increase in blood flow to the heart
Structural alteration of blood vessels in response to sustained
hypertension
The formation of new blood vessels from existing ones
The process of blood vessel dilation during exercise
7. Describe the importance of dermatomes in diagnosing neurological
conditions.
Dermatomes are used to measure muscle strength.
Dermatomes help identify the specific spinal nerve root involved in
sensory loss or pain.
Dermatomes are irrelevant in clinical diagnosis.
Dermatomes indicate the location of blood vessels.
8. What are the major components of the nervous system?
brain
, spinal cord
nerves
all of the above
9. If a patient presents with symptoms of a cerebral infarction, what immediate
action should be taken to prevent further tissue necrosis?
Administer antibiotics
Increase oxygen levels
Restore blood flow
Perform surgery immediately
10. Describe how rapid breathing can indicate respiratory distress.
Rapid breathing indicates a need for more sleep and relaxation.
Rapid breathing is a sign of dehydration and has no relation to
respiratory issues.
Rapid breathing can indicate respiratory distress as it reflects the
body's attempt to increase oxygen intake and remove carbon
dioxide due to impaired lung function.
Rapid breathing is solely a symptom of anxiety and not related to
respiratory conditions.
11. What happens to the alveoli in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
They collapse completely.
They produce excess mucus.
They become inflamed.
They fill with fluid.
, 12. Isolated systolic hypertension is common in:
Blacks
Young
Pregnancy
Elderly
13. In a synapse where the presynaptic neuron releases acetylcholine, what
type of effect will this neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic cell?
Excitatory, because acetylcholine is always excitatory
Excitatory or inhibitory, depending on where the neuron is located in
the body
Acetylcholine only affects muscles, not neurons
Inhibitory, because acetylcholine is always inhibitory
Excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the receptor it binds to
14. What symptom is primarily associated with left heart failure?
Chest pain
Peripheral edema
Jugular venous distension
Pulmonary edema
15. What are the two primary classifications of immunity found in humans?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Cellular immunity and humoral immunity
Specific immunity and non-specific immunity
(elaborated) ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. What is the role of pathology in medicine?
To produce RNA
To study the structure and function of cells
To regulate cell growth and metabolism
To investigate the essential nature of disease
2. What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
motor
visual
auditory
somatosensory
3. If a patient presents with symptoms of infective endocarditis, which
diagnostic test would most likely confirm the presence of Staphylococcus
aureus?
Blood culture
Chest X-ray
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Complete blood count (CBC)
4. What ion interacts with troponin to initiate muscle contraction?
Sodium
Calcium
, Magnesium
Potassium
5. What is the primary cause of secondary polycythemia?
Genetic mutations affecting red blood cell production
Increased erythropoietin secretion due to chronic hypoxia
Infection leading to anemia
Decreased oxygen levels in the blood
6. What is the definition of vascular remodeling?
The increase in blood flow to the heart
Structural alteration of blood vessels in response to sustained
hypertension
The formation of new blood vessels from existing ones
The process of blood vessel dilation during exercise
7. Describe the importance of dermatomes in diagnosing neurological
conditions.
Dermatomes are used to measure muscle strength.
Dermatomes help identify the specific spinal nerve root involved in
sensory loss or pain.
Dermatomes are irrelevant in clinical diagnosis.
Dermatomes indicate the location of blood vessels.
8. What are the major components of the nervous system?
brain
, spinal cord
nerves
all of the above
9. If a patient presents with symptoms of a cerebral infarction, what immediate
action should be taken to prevent further tissue necrosis?
Administer antibiotics
Increase oxygen levels
Restore blood flow
Perform surgery immediately
10. Describe how rapid breathing can indicate respiratory distress.
Rapid breathing indicates a need for more sleep and relaxation.
Rapid breathing is a sign of dehydration and has no relation to
respiratory issues.
Rapid breathing can indicate respiratory distress as it reflects the
body's attempt to increase oxygen intake and remove carbon
dioxide due to impaired lung function.
Rapid breathing is solely a symptom of anxiety and not related to
respiratory conditions.
11. What happens to the alveoli in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
They collapse completely.
They produce excess mucus.
They become inflamed.
They fill with fluid.
, 12. Isolated systolic hypertension is common in:
Blacks
Young
Pregnancy
Elderly
13. In a synapse where the presynaptic neuron releases acetylcholine, what
type of effect will this neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic cell?
Excitatory, because acetylcholine is always excitatory
Excitatory or inhibitory, depending on where the neuron is located in
the body
Acetylcholine only affects muscles, not neurons
Inhibitory, because acetylcholine is always inhibitory
Excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the receptor it binds to
14. What symptom is primarily associated with left heart failure?
Chest pain
Peripheral edema
Jugular venous distension
Pulmonary edema
15. What are the two primary classifications of immunity found in humans?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Cellular immunity and humoral immunity
Specific immunity and non-specific immunity
