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Module 1 DBA AP Psychology
How is psychology a science? - ANS-Psychology uses the scientific method
What is the scientific method? - ANS-To find a factual result using three things
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Describe the three key elements of the scientific attitude and how they support scientific
inquiry. - ANS-The scientific attitude is created by three individual attitudes:
Curiosity: Questioning something and finding support.
Skepticism: To separate imagination and reality by being skeptical of information.
Humility: To accept that ones' theory may be incorrect and discover/accept new ideas.
What is critical thinking? - ANS-examines assumptions, reviews the source, detects
clouded biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Explain how critical thinking feeds a scientific attitude and smarter thinking for everyday
life. - ANS-thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
How did psychology develop from early understandings of mind and body to the
beginnings of modern science? - ANS-The ancient Greeks—Plato and
Aristotle—pondered whether mind and body are connected or distinct, and whether
human ideas are innate or result from experience.
Descartes and Locke reengaged those ancient debates, with Locke offering his famous
description of the mind as a "blank slate" on which experience writes. The ideas of
Bacon and Locke contributed to the development of modern empiricism.
Pluto and Socrates - ANS-mind is separable from body and continues after the body
dies, and that knowledge is innate—born within us; philosophers
What does innate mean? - ANS-born with
Aristotle - ANS-said knowledge is not preexisting; instead, it grows from the experiences
stored in our memories.
When did modern science begin to flourish? - ANS-1600s
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Descates - ANS-agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas
and mind's being "entirely distinct from body" and able to survive its death; dissected
animals concluding that fluid in the brain's cavities contained "animal spirits." which
flowed from the brain through what we call the nerves to the muscles, provoking
movement. Memories formed as experiences opened pores in the brain into which the
animal spirits also flowed.
Francis Bacon - ANS-Anticipated what we have come to appreciate about our mind's
hunger to perceive patterns even in random events; one of the founders of modern
science
John Locke - ANS-Completed 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'; he argued
that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa—a "blank slate"—on which experience writes. This
idea helped form modern empiricism
What is empiricism? - ANS-the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that
observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
Wilhelm Wundt - ANS-Created an experimental apparatus, machine measured how
long it took for people to press a telegraph key after the sound occurred and to press
the key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving the sound. Wundt was
seeking to measure "atoms of the mind"—the fastest and simplest mental processes.
This became the first psychological laboratory.
What is known as the birth of psychology? - ANS-Wilhelm Wundt's creation of the first
psychological laboratory
What are the three early schools of thought? - ANS-structuralism, functionalism, and
behaviorism
What's a school of thought? - ANS-different branches organizing psychology.
Edward Bradford Titchener - ANS-introduced structuralism; aimed to classify and
understand elements of the mind's structure; engaged people in self-reflective
introspection (looking inward), training them to report elements of their experience and
their feelings?
What is structuralism? - ANS-used introspection to reveal the structure of the human
mind.
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Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
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Why was structuralism unreliable? - ANS-introspection proved somewhat unreliable:
required smart, verbal people, and its results vary from person to person and
experience to experience.
What is functionalism? - ANS-explored how mental and behavioral processes
function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Who introduced functionalism? - ANS-William James: studied down-to-earth emotions,
memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness; with
'Principles of Psychology (1890)' introducing psychology to the educated public.
Psychology's first women? - ANS-Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn
Mary Whiton Calkins - ANS-finished all of Harvard's Ph.D. requirements, Harvard
denied her the degree she had earned; Become a distinguished memory researcher
and in 1905 became the first female president of the APA
What is the APA? - ANS-American Psychological Association (APA)—a national
organization of professional and academic psychologists.
Margaret Floy Washburn - ANS-first official female psychology Ph.D; wrote 'The Animal
Mind', and became the second female APA president in 1921; Her thesis was the first
foreign study Wundt published in his psychology journal
What were some important milestones in psychology's early development? -
ANS-Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany.
Two early schools of thought in psychology were structuralism and functionalism.
Structuralism, promoted by Wundt and Titchener, used self-reflection to learn about the
mind's structure. Functionalism, promoted by James, explored how behavior and
thinking function.
How did behaviorism, Freudian psychology, and humanistic psychology further the
development of psychological science? - ANS-Early researchers defined psychology as
"the science of mental life." In the 1920s, under the influence of John B. Watson and the
behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the "scientific study of observable behavior."
Behaviorism became one of psychology's two major forces well into the 1960s.
The second major force of Freudian psychology, along with the influence of humanistic
psychology, revived interest in the study of mental processes.
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology
How is psychology a science? - ANS-Psychology uses the scientific method
What is the scientific method? - ANS-To find a factual result using three things
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Describe the three key elements of the scientific attitude and how they support scientific
inquiry. - ANS-The scientific attitude is created by three individual attitudes:
Curiosity: Questioning something and finding support.
Skepticism: To separate imagination and reality by being skeptical of information.
Humility: To accept that ones' theory may be incorrect and discover/accept new ideas.
What is critical thinking? - ANS-examines assumptions, reviews the source, detects
clouded biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Explain how critical thinking feeds a scientific attitude and smarter thinking for everyday
life. - ANS-thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
How did psychology develop from early understandings of mind and body to the
beginnings of modern science? - ANS-The ancient Greeks—Plato and
Aristotle—pondered whether mind and body are connected or distinct, and whether
human ideas are innate or result from experience.
Descartes and Locke reengaged those ancient debates, with Locke offering his famous
description of the mind as a "blank slate" on which experience writes. The ideas of
Bacon and Locke contributed to the development of modern empiricism.
Pluto and Socrates - ANS-mind is separable from body and continues after the body
dies, and that knowledge is innate—born within us; philosophers
What does innate mean? - ANS-born with
Aristotle - ANS-said knowledge is not preexisting; instead, it grows from the experiences
stored in our memories.
When did modern science begin to flourish? - ANS-1600s
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
,Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Descates - ANS-agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas
and mind's being "entirely distinct from body" and able to survive its death; dissected
animals concluding that fluid in the brain's cavities contained "animal spirits." which
flowed from the brain through what we call the nerves to the muscles, provoking
movement. Memories formed as experiences opened pores in the brain into which the
animal spirits also flowed.
Francis Bacon - ANS-Anticipated what we have come to appreciate about our mind's
hunger to perceive patterns even in random events; one of the founders of modern
science
John Locke - ANS-Completed 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'; he argued
that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa—a "blank slate"—on which experience writes. This
idea helped form modern empiricism
What is empiricism? - ANS-the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that
observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
Wilhelm Wundt - ANS-Created an experimental apparatus, machine measured how
long it took for people to press a telegraph key after the sound occurred and to press
the key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving the sound. Wundt was
seeking to measure "atoms of the mind"—the fastest and simplest mental processes.
This became the first psychological laboratory.
What is known as the birth of psychology? - ANS-Wilhelm Wundt's creation of the first
psychological laboratory
What are the three early schools of thought? - ANS-structuralism, functionalism, and
behaviorism
What's a school of thought? - ANS-different branches organizing psychology.
Edward Bradford Titchener - ANS-introduced structuralism; aimed to classify and
understand elements of the mind's structure; engaged people in self-reflective
introspection (looking inward), training them to report elements of their experience and
their feelings?
What is structuralism? - ANS-used introspection to reveal the structure of the human
mind.
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
, Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Why was structuralism unreliable? - ANS-introspection proved somewhat unreliable:
required smart, verbal people, and its results vary from person to person and
experience to experience.
What is functionalism? - ANS-explored how mental and behavioral processes
function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Who introduced functionalism? - ANS-William James: studied down-to-earth emotions,
memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness; with
'Principles of Psychology (1890)' introducing psychology to the educated public.
Psychology's first women? - ANS-Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn
Mary Whiton Calkins - ANS-finished all of Harvard's Ph.D. requirements, Harvard
denied her the degree she had earned; Become a distinguished memory researcher
and in 1905 became the first female president of the APA
What is the APA? - ANS-American Psychological Association (APA)—a national
organization of professional and academic psychologists.
Margaret Floy Washburn - ANS-first official female psychology Ph.D; wrote 'The Animal
Mind', and became the second female APA president in 1921; Her thesis was the first
foreign study Wundt published in his psychology journal
What were some important milestones in psychology's early development? -
ANS-Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany.
Two early schools of thought in psychology were structuralism and functionalism.
Structuralism, promoted by Wundt and Titchener, used self-reflection to learn about the
mind's structure. Functionalism, promoted by James, explored how behavior and
thinking function.
How did behaviorism, Freudian psychology, and humanistic psychology further the
development of psychological science? - ANS-Early researchers defined psychology as
"the science of mental life." In the 1920s, under the influence of John B. Watson and the
behaviorists, the field's focus changed to the "scientific study of observable behavior."
Behaviorism became one of psychology's two major forces well into the 1960s.
The second major force of Freudian psychology, along with the influence of humanistic
psychology, revived interest in the study of mental processes.
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
Module 1 DBA AP Psychology.pdf@@@@@@@@@@@@@##########!!!@
