TEST BANK for Microbiology: An Evolving
Science 6th Edition by Slonczewski & Foster;
All Chapters 1-28
, Table of Content
Chapter 01. Microbial Life-Origin Discovery
Chapter 02. Observing the Microbial Cell
Chapter 03. Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 04. Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development
Chapter 05. Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth
Chapter 06. Viruses
Chapter 07. Genomes and Chromosomes
Chapter 08. Transcription, Translation, and Protein Processing
Chapter 09. Genetic Change and Genome Evolution
Chapter 10. Molecular Regulation
Chapter 11. Viral Molecular Biology
Chapter 12. Molecular Complexity and Synthetic Biology
Chapter 13. Energetics and Catabolism
Chapter 14. Electron flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy
Chapter 15. Biosynthesis
Chapter 16. Food and Industrial Microbiology
Chapter 17. Origins and Evolution
Chapter 18. Bacterial Diversity
Chapter 19. Archaeal Diversity
Chapter 20. Eukaryotic Diversity
Chapter 21. Microbial Ecology
Chapter 22. Element Cycles and Environmental Microbiology
Chapter 23. The Human Microbiome and Innate Immunity
Chapter 24. The Adaptive Immune Response
Chapter 25. Pathogenesis
Chapter 26. Microbial Diseases
Chapter 27. Antimicrobial Therapy and Discovery
Chapter 28. Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology
,CHAPTER 1: Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Viruses are:
a. infectious agents that infect multi-cellular organisms
b. noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more
virus particles
c. pathogens that replicate in complex growth media
d. cellular particles that belong to the archaea domain
e. microbes that consist of lipid membrane enclosed genomes
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A | I.B
MSC: Remembering
2. Analysis of DNA sequences reveals:
a. the ancient convergence of two cell types, i.e., prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
b. prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved from a common ancestral cell
c. that bacteria share common ancestor with archaea, but not with
eukarya
d. prokaryotes are cells with a nucleus
e. the genome of Haemophilus influenzae has about 2 billion base pairs
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A | I.B
MSC: Remembering
3. Which of these groups are considered to be microbes but NOT considered to be cells?
a. viruses d. protists
b. bacteria e. filamentous
fungi
c. archaea
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A.i
MSC: Remembering
4. A microbe is commonly defined as:
a. a virus that requires a microscope to be seen
b. a bacterium that requires a microscope to be seen
c. a single-cellular prokaryote that requires a microscope to be
seen
d. a multicellular eukaryote that requires a microscope to be
seen
e. a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A.i | I.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
5. Which one of the following statements regarding microbial cells is NOT true?
a. Microbial cells acquire food, gain energy to build themselves, and
respond to
environmental change.
b. Most single-celled organisms require a microscope to render them visible, but
some
bacterial cells are large enough to be seen with naked eyes.
, c. Microbes function as individual entities.
d. Many microbes form complex multicellular assemblages.
e. Viruses are not considered as microbial cells.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A.i | I.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
6. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. A genome is the total genetic information contained in an organism’s chromosomal
DNA.
b. If a microbe’s genome includes genes for nitrogenase, that microbe probably can fix
nitrogen.
c. By comparing DNA sequences of different organisms, we can figure out how closely
related they are.
d. Fred Sanger developed the first applicable DNA sequencing method.
e. Fred Sanger completed the sequences of Haemophilus influenzae.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.B
MSC: Remembering
7. The first cellular genomes to be sequenced were those of:
a. humans d. prions
b. bacteria e. fungi
c. viruses
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.B.i
MSC: Remembering
8. The environment of early Earth may have contained all of the following EXCEPT:
a. ferrous iron d. oxygen
b. methane e. hydrogen
gas
c. ammonia
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
9. The development of the theory of the ―RNA world‖ resulted from the discovery of:
a. archaea d. ribozymes
b. prions e. endosymbiont
s
c. bacteria
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
10. Which microbes may resemble those of the earliest life forms?
a. archaea d. cyanobacteri
a
b. photosynthetic algae e. protists
c. viruses
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
11. Early metabolism may have been catalyzed by:
, a. DNA d. amino acids
b. RNA e. carbohydrate
s
c. protei
n
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
12. Which of the following diseases accounts for more than half of all human mortality?
a. cardiovascular disease d. microbial
disease
b. cancer e. strokes
c. accidents
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A
MSC: Remembering
13. Which century is known as the golden age of microbiology?
a. the seventeenth d. the twentieth
b. the eighteenth e. the twenty-
first
c. the nineteenth
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A
MSC: Remembering
14. All of the following have been found in mummies and tomb art EXCEPT:
a. tuberculosis d. smallpox
b. polio e. AIDS
c. leprosy
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.i
MSC: Remembering
15. How did European invaders to North America kill much of the native population?
a. tuberculosis d. HIV
b. leprosy e. bubonic
plague
c. smallpox
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.i
MSC: Remembering
16. Nightingale:
a. is better known as the founder of professional nursing
b. was the first to use disinfectant to demonstrate the significance of aseptic
technique
c. developed the pie chart of mortality data during the Crimean War
d. performed the first controlled experiment on the chemical conversion of matter,
known
today as chemotherapy
e. all of the above
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
,17. Who developed the concept of medical statistics?
a. Francis Crick d. Louis Pasteur
b. Florence Nightingale e. Alexander Fleming
c. Edward Jenner
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
,18. The first person to visualize individual microbes was:
a. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek d. Lady Montagu
b. Robert Hooke e. Edward Jenner
c. Louis Pasteur
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.B.ii
MSC: Remembering
19. Which technique was developed to distinguish bacteria from human cells?
a. Gram stain d. DNA sequencing
b. electron microscopy e. polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)
c. X-ray diffraction
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.B.ii
MSC: Remembering
20. How is most sterilization performed for the controlled study of microbes?
a. boiling d. autoclaving
b. pasteurization e. irradiation
c. filter sterilization
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.C.iii.a
MSC: Remembering
21. Microbes can shape human history via:
a. lithotrophic activities d. production of
cheese
b. production of alcoholic beverages e. all of the above
c. diseases that they cause
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A
MSC: Understanding
22. Suppose Pasteur’s swan-necked flasks containing boiled broth became cloudy 24 hours after
boiling. Which choice could best explain the turbidity or cloudiness in the broth without
supporting spontaneous generation?
a. Endospores in the broth survived boiling and grew after the broth cooled.
b. Contaminating organisms in the broth killed by boiling became alive again after the
broth
cooled.
c. Chemicals in the broth came together to form living organisms.
d. The broth allowed light to pass through it with less interference after boiling.
e. Solid material in the broth dissolved during boiling.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 TOP: II.C.ii.b
MSC: Applying
23. Robert Koch’s greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology was with:
a. Escherichia coli d. rabies
b. Bacillus subtilis e. smallpox
c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.i
MSC: Remembering
,24. The use of agar as the gelling agent in solid media was suggested by:
a. Robert Koch d. Louis Pasteur
b. Ignaz Semmelweis e. Richard Petri
c. Angelina Hesse
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.i.a
MSC: Remembering
25. It took the advent of the PCR to detect the presence of the causative agent for which disease?
a. anthrax d. rabies
b. tuberculosis e. smallpox
c. AIDS
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.ii
MSC: Remembering
26. The word ―vaccination‖ is derived from the Latin word vacca, which means:
a. inject d. cow
b. smallpox e. pustule
c. immunize
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.i
MSC: Remembering
27. What is the basis for the modern smallpox vaccine?
a. chickenpox virus d. smallpox
virus
b. cowpox virus e. anthrax
c. rabies virus
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.i
MSC: Remembering
28. Penicillin was first used to save the lives of many people during which war?
a. Civil War d. World War I
b. Korean War e. World War II
c. Vietnam War
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.iv
MSC: Remembering
29. Which of the following can safely be ingested to fight bacterial infections?
a. antiseptics d. chlorine
b. disinfectants e. antibiotic
s
c. phenol
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.iv
MSC: Remembering
30. All of the following are true about penicillin EXCEPT:
a. It was discovered by Alexander
Fleming.
b. It was an accidental discovery.
c. It is produced by a bacterium.
d. It was the first antibiotic used by
humans.
, e. It was purified by Florey and Chain.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.iv
MSC: Remembering
31. Which one of the following statements regarding viruses is FALSE?
, a. They are too small to be seen by a light microscope.
b. They are ‖filterable agents‖ that can pass through porcelain filters having a pore
size that
blocks microbes.
c. Their genomes could be composed of DNA or RNA.
d. They are smaller than viroids and prions.
e. Viral particles, when pure enough, can be crystallized.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 TOP: III.D
MSC: Remembering
32. You have isolated a bacterium that you believe to be the causative agent of a new disease in
frogs. How would you test the third of Koch’s postulates?
a. Determine the shape of the bacterial cells.
b. Inject the bacteria into a healthy frog.
c. Isolate the bacterium from a sick frog.
d. Show that the bacterium is not present in healthy
frogs.
e. Grow a pure culture of the bacterium outside the
frog.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.ii
MSC: Applying
33. How did Sergei Winogradsky grow lithotrophs?
a. enrichment culture d. endosymbiosis
b. organic media e. chain of infection
c. pure culture
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 TOP: IV.A.iii
MSC: Remembering
34. Organisms that live symbiotically inside a larger organism are known as:
a. organelles d. endosymbiont
s
b. cyanobacteria e. chloroplasts
c. mitochondria
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 TOP: IV.B
MSC: Remembering
35. Which group of microorganisms includes many that grow in extreme environments?
a. algae d. archaea
b. bacteria e. fungi
c. protists
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 TOP: IV.B
MSC: Remembering
36. Carl Woese’s discovery replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with a scheme of three:
a. phyla d. orders
b. domains e. genera
c. classes
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 TOP: V.D
MSC: Remembering
Science 6th Edition by Slonczewski & Foster;
All Chapters 1-28
, Table of Content
Chapter 01. Microbial Life-Origin Discovery
Chapter 02. Observing the Microbial Cell
Chapter 03. Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 04. Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development
Chapter 05. Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth
Chapter 06. Viruses
Chapter 07. Genomes and Chromosomes
Chapter 08. Transcription, Translation, and Protein Processing
Chapter 09. Genetic Change and Genome Evolution
Chapter 10. Molecular Regulation
Chapter 11. Viral Molecular Biology
Chapter 12. Molecular Complexity and Synthetic Biology
Chapter 13. Energetics and Catabolism
Chapter 14. Electron flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy
Chapter 15. Biosynthesis
Chapter 16. Food and Industrial Microbiology
Chapter 17. Origins and Evolution
Chapter 18. Bacterial Diversity
Chapter 19. Archaeal Diversity
Chapter 20. Eukaryotic Diversity
Chapter 21. Microbial Ecology
Chapter 22. Element Cycles and Environmental Microbiology
Chapter 23. The Human Microbiome and Innate Immunity
Chapter 24. The Adaptive Immune Response
Chapter 25. Pathogenesis
Chapter 26. Microbial Diseases
Chapter 27. Antimicrobial Therapy and Discovery
Chapter 28. Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology
,CHAPTER 1: Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Viruses are:
a. infectious agents that infect multi-cellular organisms
b. noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more
virus particles
c. pathogens that replicate in complex growth media
d. cellular particles that belong to the archaea domain
e. microbes that consist of lipid membrane enclosed genomes
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A | I.B
MSC: Remembering
2. Analysis of DNA sequences reveals:
a. the ancient convergence of two cell types, i.e., prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
b. prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved from a common ancestral cell
c. that bacteria share common ancestor with archaea, but not with
eukarya
d. prokaryotes are cells with a nucleus
e. the genome of Haemophilus influenzae has about 2 billion base pairs
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A | I.B
MSC: Remembering
3. Which of these groups are considered to be microbes but NOT considered to be cells?
a. viruses d. protists
b. bacteria e. filamentous
fungi
c. archaea
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A.i
MSC: Remembering
4. A microbe is commonly defined as:
a. a virus that requires a microscope to be seen
b. a bacterium that requires a microscope to be seen
c. a single-cellular prokaryote that requires a microscope to be
seen
d. a multicellular eukaryote that requires a microscope to be
seen
e. a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A.i | I.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
5. Which one of the following statements regarding microbial cells is NOT true?
a. Microbial cells acquire food, gain energy to build themselves, and
respond to
environmental change.
b. Most single-celled organisms require a microscope to render them visible, but
some
bacterial cells are large enough to be seen with naked eyes.
, c. Microbes function as individual entities.
d. Many microbes form complex multicellular assemblages.
e. Viruses are not considered as microbial cells.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.A.i | I.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
6. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. A genome is the total genetic information contained in an organism’s chromosomal
DNA.
b. If a microbe’s genome includes genes for nitrogenase, that microbe probably can fix
nitrogen.
c. By comparing DNA sequences of different organisms, we can figure out how closely
related they are.
d. Fred Sanger developed the first applicable DNA sequencing method.
e. Fred Sanger completed the sequences of Haemophilus influenzae.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.B
MSC: Remembering
7. The first cellular genomes to be sequenced were those of:
a. humans d. prions
b. bacteria e. fungi
c. viruses
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 TOP: I.B.i
MSC: Remembering
8. The environment of early Earth may have contained all of the following EXCEPT:
a. ferrous iron d. oxygen
b. methane e. hydrogen
gas
c. ammonia
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
9. The development of the theory of the ―RNA world‖ resulted from the discovery of:
a. archaea d. ribozymes
b. prions e. endosymbiont
s
c. bacteria
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
10. Which microbes may resemble those of the earliest life forms?
a. archaea d. cyanobacteri
a
b. photosynthetic algae e. protists
c. viruses
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
11. Early metabolism may have been catalyzed by:
, a. DNA d. amino acids
b. RNA e. carbohydrate
s
c. protei
n
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Special Topic 1.1
TOP: II.D MSC: Remembering
12. Which of the following diseases accounts for more than half of all human mortality?
a. cardiovascular disease d. microbial
disease
b. cancer e. strokes
c. accidents
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A
MSC: Remembering
13. Which century is known as the golden age of microbiology?
a. the seventeenth d. the twentieth
b. the eighteenth e. the twenty-
first
c. the nineteenth
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A
MSC: Remembering
14. All of the following have been found in mummies and tomb art EXCEPT:
a. tuberculosis d. smallpox
b. polio e. AIDS
c. leprosy
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.i
MSC: Remembering
15. How did European invaders to North America kill much of the native population?
a. tuberculosis d. HIV
b. leprosy e. bubonic
plague
c. smallpox
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.i
MSC: Remembering
16. Nightingale:
a. is better known as the founder of professional nursing
b. was the first to use disinfectant to demonstrate the significance of aseptic
technique
c. developed the pie chart of mortality data during the Crimean War
d. performed the first controlled experiment on the chemical conversion of matter,
known
today as chemotherapy
e. all of the above
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
,17. Who developed the concept of medical statistics?
a. Francis Crick d. Louis Pasteur
b. Florence Nightingale e. Alexander Fleming
c. Edward Jenner
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A.ii
MSC: Remembering
,18. The first person to visualize individual microbes was:
a. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek d. Lady Montagu
b. Robert Hooke e. Edward Jenner
c. Louis Pasteur
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 TOP: II.B.ii
MSC: Remembering
19. Which technique was developed to distinguish bacteria from human cells?
a. Gram stain d. DNA sequencing
b. electron microscopy e. polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)
c. X-ray diffraction
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.B.ii
MSC: Remembering
20. How is most sterilization performed for the controlled study of microbes?
a. boiling d. autoclaving
b. pasteurization e. irradiation
c. filter sterilization
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.C.iii.a
MSC: Remembering
21. Microbes can shape human history via:
a. lithotrophic activities d. production of
cheese
b. production of alcoholic beverages e. all of the above
c. diseases that they cause
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 TOP: II.A
MSC: Understanding
22. Suppose Pasteur’s swan-necked flasks containing boiled broth became cloudy 24 hours after
boiling. Which choice could best explain the turbidity or cloudiness in the broth without
supporting spontaneous generation?
a. Endospores in the broth survived boiling and grew after the broth cooled.
b. Contaminating organisms in the broth killed by boiling became alive again after the
broth
cooled.
c. Chemicals in the broth came together to form living organisms.
d. The broth allowed light to pass through it with less interference after boiling.
e. Solid material in the broth dissolved during boiling.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 TOP: II.C.ii.b
MSC: Applying
23. Robert Koch’s greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology was with:
a. Escherichia coli d. rabies
b. Bacillus subtilis e. smallpox
c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.i
MSC: Remembering
,24. The use of agar as the gelling agent in solid media was suggested by:
a. Robert Koch d. Louis Pasteur
b. Ignaz Semmelweis e. Richard Petri
c. Angelina Hesse
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.i.a
MSC: Remembering
25. It took the advent of the PCR to detect the presence of the causative agent for which disease?
a. anthrax d. rabies
b. tuberculosis e. smallpox
c. AIDS
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.ii
MSC: Remembering
26. The word ―vaccination‖ is derived from the Latin word vacca, which means:
a. inject d. cow
b. smallpox e. pustule
c. immunize
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.i
MSC: Remembering
27. What is the basis for the modern smallpox vaccine?
a. chickenpox virus d. smallpox
virus
b. cowpox virus e. anthrax
c. rabies virus
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.i
MSC: Remembering
28. Penicillin was first used to save the lives of many people during which war?
a. Civil War d. World War I
b. Korean War e. World War II
c. Vietnam War
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.iv
MSC: Remembering
29. Which of the following can safely be ingested to fight bacterial infections?
a. antiseptics d. chlorine
b. disinfectants e. antibiotic
s
c. phenol
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.iv
MSC: Remembering
30. All of the following are true about penicillin EXCEPT:
a. It was discovered by Alexander
Fleming.
b. It was an accidental discovery.
c. It is produced by a bacterium.
d. It was the first antibiotic used by
humans.
, e. It was purified by Florey and Chain.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 TOP: III.C.iv
MSC: Remembering
31. Which one of the following statements regarding viruses is FALSE?
, a. They are too small to be seen by a light microscope.
b. They are ‖filterable agents‖ that can pass through porcelain filters having a pore
size that
blocks microbes.
c. Their genomes could be composed of DNA or RNA.
d. They are smaller than viroids and prions.
e. Viral particles, when pure enough, can be crystallized.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 TOP: III.D
MSC: Remembering
32. You have isolated a bacterium that you believe to be the causative agent of a new disease in
frogs. How would you test the third of Koch’s postulates?
a. Determine the shape of the bacterial cells.
b. Inject the bacteria into a healthy frog.
c. Isolate the bacterium from a sick frog.
d. Show that the bacterium is not present in healthy
frogs.
e. Grow a pure culture of the bacterium outside the
frog.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 TOP: III.B.ii
MSC: Applying
33. How did Sergei Winogradsky grow lithotrophs?
a. enrichment culture d. endosymbiosis
b. organic media e. chain of infection
c. pure culture
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 TOP: IV.A.iii
MSC: Remembering
34. Organisms that live symbiotically inside a larger organism are known as:
a. organelles d. endosymbiont
s
b. cyanobacteria e. chloroplasts
c. mitochondria
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 TOP: IV.B
MSC: Remembering
35. Which group of microorganisms includes many that grow in extreme environments?
a. algae d. archaea
b. bacteria e. fungi
c. protists
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.4 TOP: IV.B
MSC: Remembering
36. Carl Woese’s discovery replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with a scheme of three:
a. phyla d. orders
b. domains e. genera
c. classes
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.5 TOP: V.D
MSC: Remembering
