Module 3: Remark
M3-C1 Overview of Occupational Health
M3-C2 Occupational Health Standard
M3-C3 Introduction and Fundamentals of Toxicology
1. a) List out the factors that influence the toxicity/damaging effect of substances on the body.
1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ.
2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects.
3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include the molecule size, volatility, solubility
etc.
4.) Intensity of exposure. This includes the dosage, frequency and
duration of exposure. A higher does most likely
have a more hazardous effect than a lower dose.
5.) Interaction of various materials. Simultaneous exposure to various
chemicals may increase or decrease
its toxicity effect.
6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than
younger individuals.
7.) Gender.
8.) Genetics, immunity, hormones and diet
b) Describe the mode of entry of substance into the body
1.) Inhalation: Most common route of entry (gases, vapors, dusts or mists)
2.) Skin absorption: Common for fat soluble chemicals (liquid or droplet), Some substances are absorbed through the skin and enter the
bloodstream. Broken, cut or cracked skin will allow substances to enter the body more easily.
3.) Ingestion: Less common (personal hygiene, work practices). Chemicals that get in or on food, cigarettes, utensils or hands can be
swallowed
4.) Injection: Happened when injection needles are used, may occur through mechanical injury from "sharps".
,2. Describe the main processes upon chemical entered the human body.
Refer to textbook module 3 page 55
Chemicals goes through 4 main processes upon entering to disposal from the human body:
- Absorption: Process where toxic chemical entering the body. Most common route of entry is through
1) Inhalation: gasses enter through inhalation and are absorbed into the lungs
2) Skin absorption: absorbed if the skin is damaged or torn.
- Distribution: Process where the chemical and its metabolites are distributed into the body.
- Metabolism: Process in which the absorbed chemical takes another form
1) Bio activation: Non-toxic materials changed to toxic
2) Detoxification: Toxic materials changed to non-toxic
- Excretion: Process of disposing the absorbed material and its metabolite from the body.
3. 2 main factors to determine the chemical toxicity
1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ.
2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects.
3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include the molecule size, volatility, solubility
etc.
4.) Intensity of exposure. This includes the dosage, frequency and
duration of exposure. A higher does most likely
have a more hazardous effect than a lower dose.
5.) Interaction of various materials. Simultaneous exposure to various
chemicals may increase or decrease
its toxicity effect.
6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than
younger individuals.
7.) Gender.
8.) Genetics, immunity, hormones and diet
, 4. Characteristics of chronic exposure (relative to acute)
1.) Acute exposure: usually occurs for a short duration (second/minutes), usually in high doses. Eg, spillage or chemical release. The effect
(急性暴露) is known as acute effect
2.) Chronic exposure: is long term exposure is small doses. It happens daily, weekly and at times, throughout whole duration of working
(慢性暴露) in a certain factory. The effect is known as chronic effect. Eg. Exposure to asbestos or tobacco smoke.
5. True statement about PEL (boundary between safe & unsafe dose)
Permissible exposure limit means:
- A ceiling limit
- Maximum exposure limit
- An eight-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration (TWA), TWA levels are usually lower than ceiling values.
Most toxic materials have a certain level which if exposed does not cause any harmful effects. This does is known as threshold dose, also
known as No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). NOAEL is the basis for the determination of the Permissible exposure limit.
M3-C4 Overview and Basic Principles of Industrial Hygiene
1. Name 6 (six) common analytical methods in occupational hygiene laboratory analysis. 书没有答
1.) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) 案，在
2.) Electron Microscopy (Transmission and scanning microscopes) internet 找
3.) Gas Chromatography (GC) 到的答案。
4.) High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Refer
5.) Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICAP) textbook
6.) Ion Chromatography (IC) module 3
7.) Optical Microscopy (Phase-contrast and polarized-light microscopes) page116
8.) Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry
9.) X-ray Diffraction
10.) Gravimetric
M3-C1 Overview of Occupational Health
M3-C2 Occupational Health Standard
M3-C3 Introduction and Fundamentals of Toxicology
1. a) List out the factors that influence the toxicity/damaging effect of substances on the body.
1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ.
2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects.
3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include the molecule size, volatility, solubility
etc.
4.) Intensity of exposure. This includes the dosage, frequency and
duration of exposure. A higher does most likely
have a more hazardous effect than a lower dose.
5.) Interaction of various materials. Simultaneous exposure to various
chemicals may increase or decrease
its toxicity effect.
6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than
younger individuals.
7.) Gender.
8.) Genetics, immunity, hormones and diet
b) Describe the mode of entry of substance into the body
1.) Inhalation: Most common route of entry (gases, vapors, dusts or mists)
2.) Skin absorption: Common for fat soluble chemicals (liquid or droplet), Some substances are absorbed through the skin and enter the
bloodstream. Broken, cut or cracked skin will allow substances to enter the body more easily.
3.) Ingestion: Less common (personal hygiene, work practices). Chemicals that get in or on food, cigarettes, utensils or hands can be
swallowed
4.) Injection: Happened when injection needles are used, may occur through mechanical injury from "sharps".
,2. Describe the main processes upon chemical entered the human body.
Refer to textbook module 3 page 55
Chemicals goes through 4 main processes upon entering to disposal from the human body:
- Absorption: Process where toxic chemical entering the body. Most common route of entry is through
1) Inhalation: gasses enter through inhalation and are absorbed into the lungs
2) Skin absorption: absorbed if the skin is damaged or torn.
- Distribution: Process where the chemical and its metabolites are distributed into the body.
- Metabolism: Process in which the absorbed chemical takes another form
1) Bio activation: Non-toxic materials changed to toxic
2) Detoxification: Toxic materials changed to non-toxic
- Excretion: Process of disposing the absorbed material and its metabolite from the body.
3. 2 main factors to determine the chemical toxicity
1.) Method of exposure to chemical determined the rate of absorption and its target organ.
2.) Type of chemical entering the body determine the different toxic effects.
3.) Chemical and physical characteristics of the material determine its absorption rate. This include the molecule size, volatility, solubility
etc.
4.) Intensity of exposure. This includes the dosage, frequency and
duration of exposure. A higher does most likely
have a more hazardous effect than a lower dose.
5.) Interaction of various materials. Simultaneous exposure to various
chemicals may increase or decrease
its toxicity effect.
6.) Age. Elderly person has a different physiology and metabolic rate than
younger individuals.
7.) Gender.
8.) Genetics, immunity, hormones and diet
, 4. Characteristics of chronic exposure (relative to acute)
1.) Acute exposure: usually occurs for a short duration (second/minutes), usually in high doses. Eg, spillage or chemical release. The effect
(急性暴露) is known as acute effect
2.) Chronic exposure: is long term exposure is small doses. It happens daily, weekly and at times, throughout whole duration of working
(慢性暴露) in a certain factory. The effect is known as chronic effect. Eg. Exposure to asbestos or tobacco smoke.
5. True statement about PEL (boundary between safe & unsafe dose)
Permissible exposure limit means:
- A ceiling limit
- Maximum exposure limit
- An eight-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration (TWA), TWA levels are usually lower than ceiling values.
Most toxic materials have a certain level which if exposed does not cause any harmful effects. This does is known as threshold dose, also
known as No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). NOAEL is the basis for the determination of the Permissible exposure limit.
M3-C4 Overview and Basic Principles of Industrial Hygiene
1. Name 6 (six) common analytical methods in occupational hygiene laboratory analysis. 书没有答
1.) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) 案，在
2.) Electron Microscopy (Transmission and scanning microscopes) internet 找
3.) Gas Chromatography (GC) 到的答案。
4.) High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Refer
5.) Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Spectrophotometry (ICAP) textbook
6.) Ion Chromatography (IC) module 3
7.) Optical Microscopy (Phase-contrast and polarized-light microscopes) page116
8.) Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry
9.) X-ray Diffraction
10.) Gravimetric
