GORDIS EPIDEMIOLOGY 6TH EDITION
CELENTANO TEST BANK CHAPTERS 1
THROUGH 20 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
ACCURATE ANSWERS EXPERT REVIEW
RESOURCE
⩥ Two assumptions inherent in epi studies.
Answer: 1. Diseases are NOT randomly distributed in populations.
2. Diseases have specific causes that can be identified, prevented, and
treated.
⩥ Functions of Epidemiology.
Answer: - To discover the agent, host, and environmental factors which
affect health, in order to provide the scientific basis for the prevention of
disease and injury and the promotion of health.
- To determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability,
and death, in order to establish priorities for research and action.
- To identify those sections of the population which have the greatest
risk from specific causes of ill health, in order that the indicated action
may be directed appropriately.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in
improving the health of the population.
,⩥ Objectives of Epidemiology.
Answer: 1. To identify the etiology (cause) of a disease and the risk
factors associated with the disease.
2. To determine the extent of disease found in the community. What is
the burden of disease?
3. To study the natural history and prognosis of the disease
4. To evaluate both existing and new preventative and therapeutic
measures and modes of health care delivery
5. To provide the foundation for developing public policy and regulatory
decisions relating to epidemiologic problems
⩥ Issues in Epidemiology.
Answer: -Where there is a link between factor and health outcome - does
this mean the factor is the cause of disease?
-Is there is an association, does the amount of disease vary according to
the amount of exposure to the factor?
-Based on the observation of such an association, what practical steps
should individuals and public health departments take?
-Do the findings from an epidemiologic study merit panic or measured
response?
-How applicable are the findings to settings other than the one in which
the research was conducted?
⩥ Epidemiological Approach.
,Answer: -Observation
-Definition of disease process
-Descriptive epidemiology
-Analytical Epidemiology
-Experimental Epidemiology
⩥ Surveillance.
Answer: Ongoing and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation
of health related data
-Assess public health status, define public health problems, evaluate
programs, stimulate research
⩥ Primary prevention.
Answer: prevention or cessation of risk factor exposure (active or
passive)
⩥ Secondary prevention.
Answer: intent to reduce progress of disease, screenings for "high risk"
subjects - detection. Involves people who already have a disease.
⩥ Tertiary prevention.
Answer: reduces limitation of disability from disease.
, ⩥ Population-based approach/public health approach:.
Answer: -Applied to whole population, dietary modification, must be
inexpensive and non-invasive
⩥ High-risk approach (clinically based):.
Answer: -Expensive or invasive (ie. colonscopy for those with family
history, cholesterol screening for children from high risk families)
⩥ Hippocrates.
Answer: 400 BC - Found that disease is associated with physical
environment
⩥ Francis Bacon.
Answer: Inductive logic, Law of Mortality --> law of epidemics.
⩥ Royal Society of London.
Answer: 1662 - John Graunt published a comparative study of mortality
and morbidity in human populations. Referred to as the Columbus of
Statistics. Quantified patterns of disease.
⩥ James Lind.
Answer: 1747 - etiology and treatment of scurvy, use of comparison
group.
-Noticed high morbidity rate among sailors
CELENTANO TEST BANK CHAPTERS 1
THROUGH 20 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
ACCURATE ANSWERS EXPERT REVIEW
RESOURCE
⩥ Two assumptions inherent in epi studies.
Answer: 1. Diseases are NOT randomly distributed in populations.
2. Diseases have specific causes that can be identified, prevented, and
treated.
⩥ Functions of Epidemiology.
Answer: - To discover the agent, host, and environmental factors which
affect health, in order to provide the scientific basis for the prevention of
disease and injury and the promotion of health.
- To determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability,
and death, in order to establish priorities for research and action.
- To identify those sections of the population which have the greatest
risk from specific causes of ill health, in order that the indicated action
may be directed appropriately.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in
improving the health of the population.
,⩥ Objectives of Epidemiology.
Answer: 1. To identify the etiology (cause) of a disease and the risk
factors associated with the disease.
2. To determine the extent of disease found in the community. What is
the burden of disease?
3. To study the natural history and prognosis of the disease
4. To evaluate both existing and new preventative and therapeutic
measures and modes of health care delivery
5. To provide the foundation for developing public policy and regulatory
decisions relating to epidemiologic problems
⩥ Issues in Epidemiology.
Answer: -Where there is a link between factor and health outcome - does
this mean the factor is the cause of disease?
-Is there is an association, does the amount of disease vary according to
the amount of exposure to the factor?
-Based on the observation of such an association, what practical steps
should individuals and public health departments take?
-Do the findings from an epidemiologic study merit panic or measured
response?
-How applicable are the findings to settings other than the one in which
the research was conducted?
⩥ Epidemiological Approach.
,Answer: -Observation
-Definition of disease process
-Descriptive epidemiology
-Analytical Epidemiology
-Experimental Epidemiology
⩥ Surveillance.
Answer: Ongoing and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation
of health related data
-Assess public health status, define public health problems, evaluate
programs, stimulate research
⩥ Primary prevention.
Answer: prevention or cessation of risk factor exposure (active or
passive)
⩥ Secondary prevention.
Answer: intent to reduce progress of disease, screenings for "high risk"
subjects - detection. Involves people who already have a disease.
⩥ Tertiary prevention.
Answer: reduces limitation of disability from disease.
, ⩥ Population-based approach/public health approach:.
Answer: -Applied to whole population, dietary modification, must be
inexpensive and non-invasive
⩥ High-risk approach (clinically based):.
Answer: -Expensive or invasive (ie. colonscopy for those with family
history, cholesterol screening for children from high risk families)
⩥ Hippocrates.
Answer: 400 BC - Found that disease is associated with physical
environment
⩥ Francis Bacon.
Answer: Inductive logic, Law of Mortality --> law of epidemics.
⩥ Royal Society of London.
Answer: 1662 - John Graunt published a comparative study of mortality
and morbidity in human populations. Referred to as the Columbus of
Statistics. Quantified patterns of disease.
⩥ James Lind.
Answer: 1747 - etiology and treatment of scurvy, use of comparison
group.
-Noticed high morbidity rate among sailors
