GEOGRAPHY 2152 FINAL 2026 FULL STUDY
SCRIPT HUMAN AND ECONOMIC
GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ earthquake definition:
Answer: rupture of rocks along a fault (energy released in seismic
waves)
◉ happens underground = _________ ,
felt above = _________
Answer: focus, epicentre
◉ fault
Answer: a fracture (crack) in the Earth's crust where movement has
occurred. - (how the rocks move)
different types of faults (normal, reverse, thrust) depend on the type
of stress acting on the rocks
◉ difference/ explanation
Answer: Earthquake = event (energy release)
Fault type = how the rocks moved during that event
,◉ Scales
Answer: Richter= wave strength 100km to epicentre (not in use)
Movement-magnitude scale= area of rocks ruptured, distance of
movement, elasticity of rock at focus
modified mercalli intensity scale= based on property damage &
effects
◉ earthquake processes
Answer: friction among plate boundaries exerts a force (stress) on
the rocks, exerting strain or deformation
--> when stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, there is a sudden
movement along a fault
◉ fault types
Answer: Strike slip (horizontal)
Dip-slip (vertical)
◉ How do fault types relate to earthquakes?
Answer: Earthquakes happen when a fault slips, so earthquakes are
described by fault motion:
Normal fault → normal earthquake
Reverse/Thrust fault → thrust (convergent) earthquake
Strike-slip fault → transform earthquake
,◉ dip slip sub-groups
Answer: Reverse fault = reverse of normal" - Hanging wall goes UP
Thrust fault: = low and long push" - Same as reverse (UP), but at a
low angle (Think: rocks get thrust over each other)
Normal fault = falling down" - Hanging wall goes DOWN (Think:
things "normally" fall with gravity)
◉ Fault activity
Answer: Active : movement in last 11,600 years
Potential : movement in last 2.6mil years
Inactive : no movement in last 2.6mil years
◉ Seismic waves
Answer: travel through body of earth OR the surface of earth
◉ Body waves:
Answer: P(rimary) and S(econdary) waves
◉ P-waves
Answer: move fast, push-pull motion, can pass through Solids and
liquids
, ◉ S-waves
Answer: move slow, up-and-down motion, only travel through solids
(snake-like)
◉ Surface waves:
Answer: seismic waves that form when P & S waves slow down as
they travel through alluvial sand, gravel, etc. , as they slow, some
energy is transferred into surface waves
◉ The earthquake cycle
Answer: hypothesis for reoccurrence of earthquakes: after an E-
quake, strain drops abruptly, then slowly accumulates over time
(cycle)
◉ foreshock
Answer: small/moderate earthquake shortly before (month-ish), &
in same general area (100km-ish)
◉ mainshock
Answer: the largest in a series of associated earthquakes
◉ aftershock
SCRIPT HUMAN AND ECONOMIC
GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ earthquake definition:
Answer: rupture of rocks along a fault (energy released in seismic
waves)
◉ happens underground = _________ ,
felt above = _________
Answer: focus, epicentre
◉ fault
Answer: a fracture (crack) in the Earth's crust where movement has
occurred. - (how the rocks move)
different types of faults (normal, reverse, thrust) depend on the type
of stress acting on the rocks
◉ difference/ explanation
Answer: Earthquake = event (energy release)
Fault type = how the rocks moved during that event
,◉ Scales
Answer: Richter= wave strength 100km to epicentre (not in use)
Movement-magnitude scale= area of rocks ruptured, distance of
movement, elasticity of rock at focus
modified mercalli intensity scale= based on property damage &
effects
◉ earthquake processes
Answer: friction among plate boundaries exerts a force (stress) on
the rocks, exerting strain or deformation
--> when stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, there is a sudden
movement along a fault
◉ fault types
Answer: Strike slip (horizontal)
Dip-slip (vertical)
◉ How do fault types relate to earthquakes?
Answer: Earthquakes happen when a fault slips, so earthquakes are
described by fault motion:
Normal fault → normal earthquake
Reverse/Thrust fault → thrust (convergent) earthquake
Strike-slip fault → transform earthquake
,◉ dip slip sub-groups
Answer: Reverse fault = reverse of normal" - Hanging wall goes UP
Thrust fault: = low and long push" - Same as reverse (UP), but at a
low angle (Think: rocks get thrust over each other)
Normal fault = falling down" - Hanging wall goes DOWN (Think:
things "normally" fall with gravity)
◉ Fault activity
Answer: Active : movement in last 11,600 years
Potential : movement in last 2.6mil years
Inactive : no movement in last 2.6mil years
◉ Seismic waves
Answer: travel through body of earth OR the surface of earth
◉ Body waves:
Answer: P(rimary) and S(econdary) waves
◉ P-waves
Answer: move fast, push-pull motion, can pass through Solids and
liquids
, ◉ S-waves
Answer: move slow, up-and-down motion, only travel through solids
(snake-like)
◉ Surface waves:
Answer: seismic waves that form when P & S waves slow down as
they travel through alluvial sand, gravel, etc. , as they slow, some
energy is transferred into surface waves
◉ The earthquake cycle
Answer: hypothesis for reoccurrence of earthquakes: after an E-
quake, strain drops abruptly, then slowly accumulates over time
(cycle)
◉ foreshock
Answer: small/moderate earthquake shortly before (month-ish), &
in same general area (100km-ish)
◉ mainshock
Answer: the largest in a series of associated earthquakes
◉ aftershock
