NUR 5461 EXAM 3 CHAPTER 38 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | STUDY
GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
primary function of renal and urologic systems - ANS ✔✔maintain a stable internal environment for
optimal cell and tissue metabolism
balance solute and water transport
excrete metabolic waste products
conserve nutrients
regulate acids and bases
forms urine
gluconeogenesis
endocrine functions - ANS ✔✔secrete hormones
renin - ANS ✔✔regulation of BP
erythropoietin - ANS ✔✔production of erythrocytes
1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 - ANS ✔✔metabolism of calcium
glyconeogenesis - ANS ✔✔function of renal and urologic system
synthesis of glucose from amino acids
Kidney - ANS ✔✔paired organ located in the posterior region of the abdominal cavity behind the
peritoneum
renal capsule - ANS ✔✔tightly adhering capsule surrounds each kidney; each kidney then is embedded
in a mass of fat
renal fascia - ANS ✔✔fibrous tissue attaches each kidney to the posterior abdominal wall
Hilum - ANS ✔✔where the renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and ureter enter and exit the
kidneys
Renal cortex - ANS ✔✔outer layer each kidney
contains all of the glomeruli, most of the proximal tubules and some segments of the distal tubule
Renal medulla - ANS ✔✔inner part of each kidney that contains tubules and the collecting duct
, regions called pyramids
Renal columns - ANS ✔✔extend from the cortex down between the renal pyramids
Minor calyxa - ANS ✔✔exes of the pyramids project into a cup shaped cavity that join together to form a
major calyx
receives urine from the collecting ducts through the renal papilla
Major calyx - ANS ✔✔joins to form the renal pelvis
Renal pelvis - ANS ✔✔joins the proximal end of the ureter
each kidney contains how many nephrons - ANS ✔✔1.2 million nephrons
functional unit of the kidney - ANS ✔✔nephron
superficiel cortical nephrons - ANS ✔✔make up 85% of all nephrons, which extend partially into the
medulla
midcortial nephrons - ANS ✔✔short or long loops
juxtamedullary nephrons - ANS ✔✔lie close to and extend deep into the medulla
which nephrons are important for the process of concentrating urine - ANS ✔✔juxtamedullary nephrons
glomerulus - ANS ✔✔tuft of capillaries
bowman glomerular capsule - ANS ✔✔bowman space
circular space between visceral and parietal epithelium
mesangial cells - ANS ✔✔secrete mesangial matrix; lie between and support the glomerular capillaries
some contract similar to smooth muscle cells to regulate glomerular capillary blood flow
have phagocytic properties and release inflammatory cytokines and growth factors
Glomerular filtration membrane filters selected blood components through - ANS ✔✔inner capillary
endothelium
middle glomerular basement membrane
visceral epithelium (outer layer) that forms the inner layer of Bowmans capsule
Glomerular endothelial cells - ANS ✔✔synthesize nitric oxide (a vasodilator)
synthesize endothelin (a vasoconstrictor)
GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
primary function of renal and urologic systems - ANS ✔✔maintain a stable internal environment for
optimal cell and tissue metabolism
balance solute and water transport
excrete metabolic waste products
conserve nutrients
regulate acids and bases
forms urine
gluconeogenesis
endocrine functions - ANS ✔✔secrete hormones
renin - ANS ✔✔regulation of BP
erythropoietin - ANS ✔✔production of erythrocytes
1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 - ANS ✔✔metabolism of calcium
glyconeogenesis - ANS ✔✔function of renal and urologic system
synthesis of glucose from amino acids
Kidney - ANS ✔✔paired organ located in the posterior region of the abdominal cavity behind the
peritoneum
renal capsule - ANS ✔✔tightly adhering capsule surrounds each kidney; each kidney then is embedded
in a mass of fat
renal fascia - ANS ✔✔fibrous tissue attaches each kidney to the posterior abdominal wall
Hilum - ANS ✔✔where the renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and ureter enter and exit the
kidneys
Renal cortex - ANS ✔✔outer layer each kidney
contains all of the glomeruli, most of the proximal tubules and some segments of the distal tubule
Renal medulla - ANS ✔✔inner part of each kidney that contains tubules and the collecting duct
, regions called pyramids
Renal columns - ANS ✔✔extend from the cortex down between the renal pyramids
Minor calyxa - ANS ✔✔exes of the pyramids project into a cup shaped cavity that join together to form a
major calyx
receives urine from the collecting ducts through the renal papilla
Major calyx - ANS ✔✔joins to form the renal pelvis
Renal pelvis - ANS ✔✔joins the proximal end of the ureter
each kidney contains how many nephrons - ANS ✔✔1.2 million nephrons
functional unit of the kidney - ANS ✔✔nephron
superficiel cortical nephrons - ANS ✔✔make up 85% of all nephrons, which extend partially into the
medulla
midcortial nephrons - ANS ✔✔short or long loops
juxtamedullary nephrons - ANS ✔✔lie close to and extend deep into the medulla
which nephrons are important for the process of concentrating urine - ANS ✔✔juxtamedullary nephrons
glomerulus - ANS ✔✔tuft of capillaries
bowman glomerular capsule - ANS ✔✔bowman space
circular space between visceral and parietal epithelium
mesangial cells - ANS ✔✔secrete mesangial matrix; lie between and support the glomerular capillaries
some contract similar to smooth muscle cells to regulate glomerular capillary blood flow
have phagocytic properties and release inflammatory cytokines and growth factors
Glomerular filtration membrane filters selected blood components through - ANS ✔✔inner capillary
endothelium
middle glomerular basement membrane
visceral epithelium (outer layer) that forms the inner layer of Bowmans capsule
Glomerular endothelial cells - ANS ✔✔synthesize nitric oxide (a vasodilator)
synthesize endothelin (a vasoconstrictor)
