GALEN NUR 210 ACTUAL TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Drug Toxicity.
Answer: -Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might
accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein
bound medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with liver
or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
◉ Drug distribution and albumin.
Answer: -A decrease in albumin levels decrease the protein-binding
sites, which means more of the free drug is circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they are
active in the body and cause a pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or
kidney disease have low albumin levels.
◉ Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).
,Answer: -The BBB protects the brain from most drugs.
-Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as benzodiazepines.
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause spontaneous abortion or
alter fetal growth and development.
◉ Metabolism.
Answer: •Chemically changes drug to a form that can be excreted
•Liver primary site
◉ half-life.
Answer: •the time it takes for the drug in the body to be reduced by
half
◉ Loading dose.
Answer: use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment
to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration (therapeutic
level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
◉ Exceretion.
Answer: the removal of waste products from medications which is
done mainly through the kidneys
,Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and bile
◉ Factors effecting excretion.
Answer: Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is reduced
will influence drug excretion.
Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are examples.
◉ Drug Elimination and Patients with Kidney Disease.
Answer: Lab tests to determine kidney and renal function include:
Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN (10-20) eGFR (60-
90+)
You should be aware of patients kidney function status as this will
determine drug dosage.)
◉ Drug Elimination and patients with liver disease.
Answer: Lab tests to determine liver function include: ALT (4-36)
and AST (0-35)
◉ Onset.
Answer: time it takes for drug to start working
◉ Peak.
Answer: highest concentration in blood
, ◉ duration.
Answer: length of therapeutic effect
◉ Peak and Trough.
Answer: •highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right before
giving second dose) amount of drug in blood
◉ Agonist.
Answer: desired response
◉ Antagonist.
Answer: undesired response
◉ side effects.
Answer: Expected
Secondary effects
Can be desirable or undesirable
Report if effects are desirable or not
◉ Adverse Reactions.
Answer: •Unexpected
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Drug Toxicity.
Answer: -Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might
accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein
bound medications and monitor albumin levels in patients with liver
or kidney disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
◉ Drug distribution and albumin.
Answer: -A decrease in albumin levels decrease the protein-binding
sites, which means more of the free drug is circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they are
active in the body and cause a pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or
kidney disease have low albumin levels.
◉ Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).
,Answer: -The BBB protects the brain from most drugs.
-Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as benzodiazepines.
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause spontaneous abortion or
alter fetal growth and development.
◉ Metabolism.
Answer: •Chemically changes drug to a form that can be excreted
•Liver primary site
◉ half-life.
Answer: •the time it takes for the drug in the body to be reduced by
half
◉ Loading dose.
Answer: use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment
to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration (therapeutic
level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
◉ Exceretion.
Answer: the removal of waste products from medications which is
done mainly through the kidneys
,Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and bile
◉ Factors effecting excretion.
Answer: Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is reduced
will influence drug excretion.
Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are examples.
◉ Drug Elimination and Patients with Kidney Disease.
Answer: Lab tests to determine kidney and renal function include:
Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN (10-20) eGFR (60-
90+)
You should be aware of patients kidney function status as this will
determine drug dosage.)
◉ Drug Elimination and patients with liver disease.
Answer: Lab tests to determine liver function include: ALT (4-36)
and AST (0-35)
◉ Onset.
Answer: time it takes for drug to start working
◉ Peak.
Answer: highest concentration in blood
, ◉ duration.
Answer: length of therapeutic effect
◉ Peak and Trough.
Answer: •highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right before
giving second dose) amount of drug in blood
◉ Agonist.
Answer: desired response
◉ Antagonist.
Answer: undesired response
◉ side effects.
Answer: Expected
Secondary effects
Can be desirable or undesirable
Report if effects are desirable or not
◉ Adverse Reactions.
Answer: •Unexpected
