NFDN 1001 FINAL EXAM: NURSING FOUNDATION
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO LEARN WITH ELABORATE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ACCURATE AND GRADED A+
2026-2027
Describe the medical approach to health (6)
- western thinking
- focuses on treatment of disease
- must have adequate health-care system
- prevalent after WWII with influx of economic growth
- national health insurance was created
- less emphasis on health promotion & disease prevention
The physician’s role in the medical model
The physician was seen as the expert and patients were expected to comply with his/her
advice. The physician assumes an authoritarian position in relation to the patient.
What type of care results in greater patient involvement?
Patient-centred care
Describe the behavioural approach to health (5)
- lots of money was being spent on health care but health status of population was not
improving
- Lalonde report defined the health determinants as LIFESTYLE, environment, human
biology, and the organization of health-care.
- lifestyle contributes to chronic disease
- this approach places responsibility of health on the individual and less on physician
- lifestyle improvements were made primarily by well-educated, well-employed, and higher
income Canadians
,Describe the socio-environmental approach (1)
- health is tied to social structure: poverty, air pollution, poor water quality and workplace
hazards are barriers to healthy behaviours
What is disease prevention? And how many levels of disease prevention are there?
Action to avoid illness/disease
3: primary, secondary, tertiary
Describe the primary level of disease prevention
Includes activities that protect against a disease BEFORE signs & symptoms occur. Ex)
immunizations and reducing/avoiding risk factors of certain diseases like smoking
Describe the secondary level of disease prevention
Promotes early detection of disease once pathogenesis has already occurred - prompt
treatment can be initiated to halt the disease & limit any disability
Ex) BP screening to detect hypertension, blood-glucose screening to detect diabetes
Describe the tertiary level of disease prevention
Activities are initiated in the convalescence stage of disease & are directed toward
MINIMIZING residual disability & helping people to live productively with limitations
Ex) cardiac rehabilitation after a heart attack
Describe the first strategy to promote health: Building a healthy public policy (3)
- provides diverse but complementary approaches including legislation, fiscal measures,
taxation, organizational change.
- leads to health, income & social polices that faster great equity.
, - joint action contributes to ensuring safer, healthier goods & services, healthier public
services and cleaner environments
Ex) no smoking signs
Describe the second strategy to promote health: create supportive environments (3)
- conservation of natural resources throughout the world should be seen as a global
responsibility
- work and leisure should be a source of health for people & the way society organizes work
should help create a healthy society
- there needs to be a systemic assessment especially in rapidly changing environments
particularly in areas of technology, work, energy production & urbanization
Describe the third strategy to promote health: strengthen community actions (3)
- communities having control & ownership over their own endeavours & destinies is key
- needs to enhance self-help & social support, and develop flexible system for strengthening
public participation in health matters
- this requires full access to information, and voluntary bodies & within the institutions
themselves
Describe the fourth strategy to promote health: reorient health services (3)
- health services need to embrace an expanded mandate which is sensitive and respects
cultural needs
- it should support the needs of individuals and communities for a healthier life
- requires attention to public research as well as changes in professional education and
training
Describe the fifth strategy to promote health: develop personal skills (3)
- health promotion supports personal and social development through providing information,
education for health and enhancing life skills
- this increases options available to people (more control over their own health)
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO LEARN WITH ELABORATE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ACCURATE AND GRADED A+
2026-2027
Describe the medical approach to health (6)
- western thinking
- focuses on treatment of disease
- must have adequate health-care system
- prevalent after WWII with influx of economic growth
- national health insurance was created
- less emphasis on health promotion & disease prevention
The physician’s role in the medical model
The physician was seen as the expert and patients were expected to comply with his/her
advice. The physician assumes an authoritarian position in relation to the patient.
What type of care results in greater patient involvement?
Patient-centred care
Describe the behavioural approach to health (5)
- lots of money was being spent on health care but health status of population was not
improving
- Lalonde report defined the health determinants as LIFESTYLE, environment, human
biology, and the organization of health-care.
- lifestyle contributes to chronic disease
- this approach places responsibility of health on the individual and less on physician
- lifestyle improvements were made primarily by well-educated, well-employed, and higher
income Canadians
,Describe the socio-environmental approach (1)
- health is tied to social structure: poverty, air pollution, poor water quality and workplace
hazards are barriers to healthy behaviours
What is disease prevention? And how many levels of disease prevention are there?
Action to avoid illness/disease
3: primary, secondary, tertiary
Describe the primary level of disease prevention
Includes activities that protect against a disease BEFORE signs & symptoms occur. Ex)
immunizations and reducing/avoiding risk factors of certain diseases like smoking
Describe the secondary level of disease prevention
Promotes early detection of disease once pathogenesis has already occurred - prompt
treatment can be initiated to halt the disease & limit any disability
Ex) BP screening to detect hypertension, blood-glucose screening to detect diabetes
Describe the tertiary level of disease prevention
Activities are initiated in the convalescence stage of disease & are directed toward
MINIMIZING residual disability & helping people to live productively with limitations
Ex) cardiac rehabilitation after a heart attack
Describe the first strategy to promote health: Building a healthy public policy (3)
- provides diverse but complementary approaches including legislation, fiscal measures,
taxation, organizational change.
- leads to health, income & social polices that faster great equity.
, - joint action contributes to ensuring safer, healthier goods & services, healthier public
services and cleaner environments
Ex) no smoking signs
Describe the second strategy to promote health: create supportive environments (3)
- conservation of natural resources throughout the world should be seen as a global
responsibility
- work and leisure should be a source of health for people & the way society organizes work
should help create a healthy society
- there needs to be a systemic assessment especially in rapidly changing environments
particularly in areas of technology, work, energy production & urbanization
Describe the third strategy to promote health: strengthen community actions (3)
- communities having control & ownership over their own endeavours & destinies is key
- needs to enhance self-help & social support, and develop flexible system for strengthening
public participation in health matters
- this requires full access to information, and voluntary bodies & within the institutions
themselves
Describe the fourth strategy to promote health: reorient health services (3)
- health services need to embrace an expanded mandate which is sensitive and respects
cultural needs
- it should support the needs of individuals and communities for a healthier life
- requires attention to public research as well as changes in professional education and
training
Describe the fifth strategy to promote health: develop personal skills (3)
- health promotion supports personal and social development through providing information,
education for health and enhancing life skills
- this increases options available to people (more control over their own health)
