NU 545 EXAM 1 /ACTUAL NU 545
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 TEST BANK ACTUAL
2026/2027 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE
ACCURATE EXAM COMPLETE APPROVED
QUESTIONS WITH WELL ELABORATED SOLUTIONS
AND DETAILED RATIONALES (100% CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS)
1. A client asks how their intestinal cells are able to take up
nutrients from food. Which cellular function best describes this
process?
A. Conductivity
B. Secretion
C. Communication
D. Metabolic absorption
Correct Answer: D. Metabolic absorption
Rationale: Metabolic absorption is the ability of cells to take in
and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings—exactly what intestinal and renal tubular cells do
with digested nutrients. Conductivity refers to electrical signal
transmission, secretion is the release of substances such as
hormones or mucus, and communication refers to signaling
between cells, not uptake of nutrients.
,2. A nurse practitioner explains that the nucleus is "the control
center" of the cell. Which is the primary function of the nucleus?
A. Production of ATP
B. Protein folding and packaging
C. Synthesis of lysosomal enzymes
D. Cell division and control of genetic information
Correct Answer: D. Cell division and control of genetic
information
Rationale: The nucleus contains most cellular DNA and
associated histones and is primarily responsible for cell division
and control of genetic information, along with replication and
repair of DNA. ATP production occurs in mitochondria, protein
packaging in the Golgi complex, and lysosomal enzymes are
synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed
in the Golgi.
3. Which organelle uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an
oxidative reaction?
A. Lysosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes
D. Peroxisomes
Correct Answer: D. Peroxisomes
,Rationale: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms in oxidative reactions, producing
hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). This hydrogen peroxide is then used
by catalase to further oxidize other substances such as phenols,
formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol. Lysosomes are involved
in intracellular digestion, mitochondria produce ATP, and
ribosomes synthesize proteins.
4. During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion?
A. Peroxisomal enzymes
B. Mitochondrial DNA
C. Ribosomal RNA
D. Lysosomal enzymes
Correct Answer: D. Lysosomal enzymes
Rationale: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (hydrolases)
that, when released during cell injury, are capable of cellular
autodigestion. This process involves autolysosomes or
autophagosomes breaking down cellular components. The
release of these enzymes leads to self-digestion of the cell,
contributing to cell death and tissue damage.
5. Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
A. Mitochondria
B. Golgi apparatus
, C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Nucleus
Correct Answer: D. Nucleus
Rationale: The nucleus contains the nucleolus, most of the
cellular DNA, and DNA-binding proteins. The genetic
information is stored within the DNA in the nucleus, which
directs all cellular activities through gene expression.
Mitochondria contain their own DNA, but the majority of
genetic information is housed in the nucleus.
6. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?
A. DNA, RNA, and nucleotides
B. Carbohydrates only
C. Proteins only
D. Lipids and proteins
Correct Answer: D. Lipids and proteins
Rationale: Cell membranes are composed of lipids and proteins
in a complex lipid bilayer. Carbohydrates are also present as
glycolipids and glycoproteins on the outer surface, and
cholesterol helps maintain membrane fluidity. The lipid bilayer
provides the structural framework, while proteins serve various
functions including transport, signaling, and cell adhesion.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 TEST BANK ACTUAL
2026/2027 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE
ACCURATE EXAM COMPLETE APPROVED
QUESTIONS WITH WELL ELABORATED SOLUTIONS
AND DETAILED RATIONALES (100% CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS)
1. A client asks how their intestinal cells are able to take up
nutrients from food. Which cellular function best describes this
process?
A. Conductivity
B. Secretion
C. Communication
D. Metabolic absorption
Correct Answer: D. Metabolic absorption
Rationale: Metabolic absorption is the ability of cells to take in
and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings—exactly what intestinal and renal tubular cells do
with digested nutrients. Conductivity refers to electrical signal
transmission, secretion is the release of substances such as
hormones or mucus, and communication refers to signaling
between cells, not uptake of nutrients.
,2. A nurse practitioner explains that the nucleus is "the control
center" of the cell. Which is the primary function of the nucleus?
A. Production of ATP
B. Protein folding and packaging
C. Synthesis of lysosomal enzymes
D. Cell division and control of genetic information
Correct Answer: D. Cell division and control of genetic
information
Rationale: The nucleus contains most cellular DNA and
associated histones and is primarily responsible for cell division
and control of genetic information, along with replication and
repair of DNA. ATP production occurs in mitochondria, protein
packaging in the Golgi complex, and lysosomal enzymes are
synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed
in the Golgi.
3. Which organelle uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an
oxidative reaction?
A. Lysosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes
D. Peroxisomes
Correct Answer: D. Peroxisomes
,Rationale: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms in oxidative reactions, producing
hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). This hydrogen peroxide is then used
by catalase to further oxidize other substances such as phenols,
formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol. Lysosomes are involved
in intracellular digestion, mitochondria produce ATP, and
ribosomes synthesize proteins.
4. During cell injury, what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion?
A. Peroxisomal enzymes
B. Mitochondrial DNA
C. Ribosomal RNA
D. Lysosomal enzymes
Correct Answer: D. Lysosomal enzymes
Rationale: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (hydrolases)
that, when released during cell injury, are capable of cellular
autodigestion. This process involves autolysosomes or
autophagosomes breaking down cellular components. The
release of these enzymes leads to self-digestion of the cell,
contributing to cell death and tissue damage.
5. Where is the genetic information contained in the cell?
A. Mitochondria
B. Golgi apparatus
, C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Nucleus
Correct Answer: D. Nucleus
Rationale: The nucleus contains the nucleolus, most of the
cellular DNA, and DNA-binding proteins. The genetic
information is stored within the DNA in the nucleus, which
directs all cellular activities through gene expression.
Mitochondria contain their own DNA, but the majority of
genetic information is housed in the nucleus.
6. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components?
A. DNA, RNA, and nucleotides
B. Carbohydrates only
C. Proteins only
D. Lipids and proteins
Correct Answer: D. Lipids and proteins
Rationale: Cell membranes are composed of lipids and proteins
in a complex lipid bilayer. Carbohydrates are also present as
glycolipids and glycoproteins on the outer surface, and
cholesterol helps maintain membrane fluidity. The lipid bilayer
provides the structural framework, while proteins serve various
functions including transport, signaling, and cell adhesion.
