KUBY IMMUNOLOGY EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
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1. Immunity - ANSWER ✔ a state of protection from infectious disease
2. Variolation - ANSWER ✔ dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules
were either inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin
3. Edward Jenner - ANSWER ✔ made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
4. Louis Pasteur - ANSWER ✔ grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
5. Herd Immunity - ANSWER ✔ the decrease in likelihood that a person will
become infected with a pathogen if the majority of the population is
vaccinated and immune
6. Phagocytes - ANSWER ✔ certain white bloods cells that ingest
microorganisms and other foreign material
7. Cell Mediated Immunity - ANSWER ✔ When Metchinikoff noticed that
these cells were more active in animals that were immunized, therefore
thought cells rather than serum were major effectors of immunity
8. Antibodies - ANSWER ✔ the soluble active molecules in the
immunoglobulin fraction of serum
9. Humoral Immunity - ANSWER ✔ the immunologic events that the
antibodies (produced by B cells) participated in
,10.Antiserum - ANSWER ✔ the antibody-containing serum fraction from a
pathogen-exposed individual
11.IFN-Gamma - ANSWER ✔ A potent macrophage activator that also helps
to activate and shape the adaptive response.
12.Activating Receptors - ANSWER ✔ Have specificity for various cell
surface ligands that serve as indicators of infection, cancer, or stress.
13.Inhibitory Receptors - ANSWER ✔ Recognize membrane proteins on
normal healthy cells and inhibit NK cell-mediated cytotoxic killing of those
cells.
14.Group 1 ILCs - ANSWER ✔ Produce cytokines and other mediators
contribution to cell-mediated immunity.
15.Group 2 ILCs - ANSWER ✔ Produce cytokines supporting immunity to
helminth parasites and wound healing.
16.Group 3 ILCs - ANSWER ✔ Produce cytokines supporting lymphoid
tissue development, epithelial integrity and homeostasis and immunity to
extracellular bacteria and fungi.
17.Multipotent Stem Cells - ANSWER ✔ Arise from embryonic stem cells
and can give rise to a more limited range of cells types.
18.Unipotent Stem Cells - ANSWER ✔ Can generate only the same cell type
as themselves.
19.Endosteal Niche - ANSWER ✔ Medullary cavity lining the bone.
Progenitors of B lymphocytes are found here.
20.Perivascular Niche - ANSWER ✔ Medullary cavity lining the blood
vessels that run through the center of the bone. Long-term HSCs are found
here.
21.Thymocytes - ANSWER ✔ Immature T cells that generate unique antigen
receptors.
,22.Negative Selection - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes whose TCRs bind self-
MHC/peptide complexes with too-high affinity are induced to die.
23.Positive Selection - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes that bind self-MHC/peptides
with intermediate affinity and migrate to the thymic medulla before entering
the circulation.
24.Death by Neglect - ANSWER ✔ Majority of thymocytes die because they
have too-low affinity for the self-peptide/MHC combinations that they
encounter on the surface of thymic epithelial cells and fail to undergo
positive selection.
25.Thymic Cortex - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes begin to first express mature
TCRs and interact with cortical thymic epithelial cells.
26.Subcapsular Cortex (Thymus) - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes proliferate here.
27.Thymic Medulla - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes who are positively selected in
the cortex, continue to mature here and interact with medullary thymic
epithelial cells.
28.Two types of B cell responses - ANSWER ✔ T-dependent
T-independent
29.What initiates T-dependent response - ANSWER ✔ Recognition of antigen
30.What types of cells have T-independent responses? - ANSWER ✔ B-1 B
cells and marginal zone (MZ) B cells
31.What signal starts a T-independent response? - ANSWER ✔ exposure to
multivalent/polymerized Ag
32.Type 1 antigen - ANSWER ✔ soluble antigen
33.What do Type 1 antigens bind to? - ANSWER ✔ Bind to B cells through
BRRs
, 34.Type 2 antigen - ANSWER ✔ cell surface
35.What do Type 2 antigens bind to? - ANSWER ✔ they cross link to large
numbers of BCRs
36.Clonal selection hypothesis - ANSWER ✔ •Each B cell bears a single type
of Ig receptor
•On stimulation, each cell will create a clone of cells bearing the same Ag
receptor as the original
37.Simple steps of B cell dependent activation - ANSWER ✔ 1) Binds Ag via
BCR
2) Proliferation and differentiation occurs which induces germinal centers
3) Some Ag is internalized and processed for MHC II
4) T cell interaction helps guide differentiation and memory cell production
38.Early experiments showed that animals had to receive what to produce
antibody responses against proteins? - ANSWER ✔ bone marrow AND
thymus grafts
39.Where do B cells encounter antigen? - ANSWER ✔ In the lymph node or
the spleen
40.What are small soluble antigens captured by? - ANSWER ✔ follicular B
cells
41.What are larger antigens captured by? - ANSWER ✔ subcapsular sinus
macrophages
42.What cells serve as Ag concentration site for future selection and
differentiation? - ANSWER ✔ Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
43.When does membrane spreading occur? - ANSWER ✔ After B-cell
recognition of cell-bound Ag
44.What happens during membrane spreading? - ANSWER ✔ Initial
interactions induce a clustering of BCRs and their cognate antigens. Then,
2026/2027 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Immunity - ANSWER ✔ a state of protection from infectious disease
2. Variolation - ANSWER ✔ dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules
were either inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin
3. Edward Jenner - ANSWER ✔ made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
4. Louis Pasteur - ANSWER ✔ grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
5. Herd Immunity - ANSWER ✔ the decrease in likelihood that a person will
become infected with a pathogen if the majority of the population is
vaccinated and immune
6. Phagocytes - ANSWER ✔ certain white bloods cells that ingest
microorganisms and other foreign material
7. Cell Mediated Immunity - ANSWER ✔ When Metchinikoff noticed that
these cells were more active in animals that were immunized, therefore
thought cells rather than serum were major effectors of immunity
8. Antibodies - ANSWER ✔ the soluble active molecules in the
immunoglobulin fraction of serum
9. Humoral Immunity - ANSWER ✔ the immunologic events that the
antibodies (produced by B cells) participated in
,10.Antiserum - ANSWER ✔ the antibody-containing serum fraction from a
pathogen-exposed individual
11.IFN-Gamma - ANSWER ✔ A potent macrophage activator that also helps
to activate and shape the adaptive response.
12.Activating Receptors - ANSWER ✔ Have specificity for various cell
surface ligands that serve as indicators of infection, cancer, or stress.
13.Inhibitory Receptors - ANSWER ✔ Recognize membrane proteins on
normal healthy cells and inhibit NK cell-mediated cytotoxic killing of those
cells.
14.Group 1 ILCs - ANSWER ✔ Produce cytokines and other mediators
contribution to cell-mediated immunity.
15.Group 2 ILCs - ANSWER ✔ Produce cytokines supporting immunity to
helminth parasites and wound healing.
16.Group 3 ILCs - ANSWER ✔ Produce cytokines supporting lymphoid
tissue development, epithelial integrity and homeostasis and immunity to
extracellular bacteria and fungi.
17.Multipotent Stem Cells - ANSWER ✔ Arise from embryonic stem cells
and can give rise to a more limited range of cells types.
18.Unipotent Stem Cells - ANSWER ✔ Can generate only the same cell type
as themselves.
19.Endosteal Niche - ANSWER ✔ Medullary cavity lining the bone.
Progenitors of B lymphocytes are found here.
20.Perivascular Niche - ANSWER ✔ Medullary cavity lining the blood
vessels that run through the center of the bone. Long-term HSCs are found
here.
21.Thymocytes - ANSWER ✔ Immature T cells that generate unique antigen
receptors.
,22.Negative Selection - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes whose TCRs bind self-
MHC/peptide complexes with too-high affinity are induced to die.
23.Positive Selection - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes that bind self-MHC/peptides
with intermediate affinity and migrate to the thymic medulla before entering
the circulation.
24.Death by Neglect - ANSWER ✔ Majority of thymocytes die because they
have too-low affinity for the self-peptide/MHC combinations that they
encounter on the surface of thymic epithelial cells and fail to undergo
positive selection.
25.Thymic Cortex - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes begin to first express mature
TCRs and interact with cortical thymic epithelial cells.
26.Subcapsular Cortex (Thymus) - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes proliferate here.
27.Thymic Medulla - ANSWER ✔ Thymocytes who are positively selected in
the cortex, continue to mature here and interact with medullary thymic
epithelial cells.
28.Two types of B cell responses - ANSWER ✔ T-dependent
T-independent
29.What initiates T-dependent response - ANSWER ✔ Recognition of antigen
30.What types of cells have T-independent responses? - ANSWER ✔ B-1 B
cells and marginal zone (MZ) B cells
31.What signal starts a T-independent response? - ANSWER ✔ exposure to
multivalent/polymerized Ag
32.Type 1 antigen - ANSWER ✔ soluble antigen
33.What do Type 1 antigens bind to? - ANSWER ✔ Bind to B cells through
BRRs
, 34.Type 2 antigen - ANSWER ✔ cell surface
35.What do Type 2 antigens bind to? - ANSWER ✔ they cross link to large
numbers of BCRs
36.Clonal selection hypothesis - ANSWER ✔ •Each B cell bears a single type
of Ig receptor
•On stimulation, each cell will create a clone of cells bearing the same Ag
receptor as the original
37.Simple steps of B cell dependent activation - ANSWER ✔ 1) Binds Ag via
BCR
2) Proliferation and differentiation occurs which induces germinal centers
3) Some Ag is internalized and processed for MHC II
4) T cell interaction helps guide differentiation and memory cell production
38.Early experiments showed that animals had to receive what to produce
antibody responses against proteins? - ANSWER ✔ bone marrow AND
thymus grafts
39.Where do B cells encounter antigen? - ANSWER ✔ In the lymph node or
the spleen
40.What are small soluble antigens captured by? - ANSWER ✔ follicular B
cells
41.What are larger antigens captured by? - ANSWER ✔ subcapsular sinus
macrophages
42.What cells serve as Ag concentration site for future selection and
differentiation? - ANSWER ✔ Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
43.When does membrane spreading occur? - ANSWER ✔ After B-cell
recognition of cell-bound Ag
44.What happens during membrane spreading? - ANSWER ✔ Initial
interactions induce a clustering of BCRs and their cognate antigens. Then,
