NHM 362 EXAM 1 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

NHM 362 EXAM 1 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS

Question:
1. eukaryotic cells
Answer:
cells of multicellular organisms that have a defined nucleus and mitochondria
- bigger, more complicated, and have capsulated membrane-bound organelles

Question:
2. cytoplasm
Answer:
contains mostly water, gell like substance tht contains cell organelles, protein, electrolytes, and other
molecules

Question:
3. plasma membrane
Answer:
lipid bilayer of phospholipids (hydrophpbic tails , hydrophillic heads)
- also contains proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

Question:
4. phospholipds
Answer:
- glycerol and phosphate containing portions are hydrophilic
- fatty acids (2) are the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane

Question:
5. carbohydrates
Answer:
- only on the outer layer of the membrane (glycocalyx) that present as glycolipids and glycoproteins.
- helps maintain shape and can help distinguish different cells

Question:
6. cholesterols
Answer:
influence the membrane permeability and fluidity
- the higher the concentration of cholesterol, the more rigid the plasma membrane

Question:
7. cytoskeleton
Answer:
- the cytoplasmic matrix forms this and it provides
- structural support, positioning of organelles, movement in the cell, and locomotion for speacialized cells

,Question:
8. cytoskeleton includes.
Answer:
microtubules actin filaments= microfilimants intermediate filaments

Question:
9. microtubules
Answer:
present in almost every eukaryotic cell
- provide mechanical support for cell's shape
- cilia, flagella, and mitotic spindles depend on this to function
- cancer drugs can inhinits this and reduce cell replication

Question:
10. actin fillaments (microfiaments)
Answer:
arrangement of actin forming two parallel strands of alpha helix
- very flexible
- ATP required for muscle contraction (Actin-ATP binding)

Question:
11. functions of the mitochondria
Answer:
primary sites of oxygen use and metabolic energy production
- contain DNA so they can divide
- regulate cell signaling, cell death, and ROS
- can also aid in gene regulation

Question:
12. mitochondrial membrane
Answer:
double membrane
- outer: more permeable inner: selectively permeable, serves as barrier between the cytoplasmic matrix and
the mitochondrial matrix inner membrane forms cristae and the ETC is embedded within the inner
membrane

Question:
13. mitochondrial matrix
Answer:
contains enzymes that catalyze TCA cycle and Beta oxidation
- once pyruvate/ fatty acids enter the mitochondria, it is made into Acetyl-CoA --> TCA cycle --> NADH/
FADH2 --> ETC (inner mem.)

Question:
14. mitochondrial fission

, Answer:
generating a new mitochondria by mitochondrial divison
- the assembly of dynamin (Drp) is required for division

Question:
15. mitochondrial fusion
Answer:
merging of mitochondria

Question:
16. nuclear envelope
Answer:
two layers that surround the nucleus and separate DNA from the cytoplasm

Question:
17. nuclear pores
Answer:
Allow communication between nucleus and cytoplasm ex: RNA is transported through nuclear pores

Question:
18. nucleolus
Answer:
condensed regions of chromatin (high concentration of DNA and histones) which also contains
considerable amounts of RNA, and is the location of ribosome assembly and synthesis

Question:
19. steps of protein synthesis
Answer:
- controlled by cell signaling
1. cells recieve the signal to produce more proteins
2. in the nucleus, cells facilitate transcription making more mRNA
3. mature mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes that make protein (translation)

Question:
20. endoplasmic reticulim
Answer:
a network of membranous channels providing continuity among the nuclear envelope, the Golgi, and the
plasma membrane

Question:
21. rough ER
Answer:
studded with ribosomes and the site of protein synthesis

Question:
22. smooth ER