NP Board Exam
What does MIC stand for? Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
What is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)? The lowest concentration of an antibiotic necessary to inhibit visible bacterial growth
after incubation.
What does MIC stand for in microbiology? Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
What does the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) It is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that prevents visible growth of a
do? bacterium.
What is the significance of MIC in treating bacterial MIC indicates the amount of antibiotic needed to inhibit bacterial growth without
infections? overkill.
Term: Bioavailability Definition: The proportion of a drug that reaches systemic circulation and is
available to have an effect after administration.
What does 'Bio' in 'Bioavailability' refer to? Body
What does 'Available' in 'Bioavailability' imply? Ready to work
What is bioavailability? How much of the drug is ready to work in your body
What is the main organ of biotransformation? The liver
What is the primary site of drug biotransformation? The liver
Which enzyme system is mainly involved in drug CYP450 enzyme system
biotransformation in the liver?
Think: “Live(r) to transform ”The liver “lives” to transform drugs into a form the body can eliminate.
Term: CYP450 Inducer Definition: A medication that increases the clearance of other drugs by accelerating
their metabolism through the CYP450 enzyme system.
What is the effect of an inducer on drug metabolism? Increases metabolism
, NP Board Exam
What is the result of increased metabolism on drug Drugs leave the body faster
clearance?
What is the effect of an inhibitor on drug metabolism? Inhibits metabolism
What is the result of inhibited metabolism on drug levels in Keeps drugs around longer
the body?
Term: CYP450 Inhibitor Definition: A drug that decreases the clearance of other medications by slowing
down their metabolism via the CYP450 enzyme system.
What does a CYP450 inhibitor do to drug clearance? It slows clearance.
What is the effect of a CYP450 inhibitor on drug levels in It keeps drugs in the system longer.
the system?
What is a potential risk associated with CYP450 inhibitors? Higher risk of toxicity.
What is First-Pass Metabolism? The process where an oral drug is metabolized in the liver after absorption from the
small intestine.
What effect does First-Pass Metabolism have on drugs? It reduces the amount of active drug entering systemic circulation.
What is the first stop for drugs in the body? The liver
What does 'first-pass' refer to in pharmacology? The process where a drug is processed by the liver before it enters the
bloodstream.
What is the therapeutic INR range for stroke prevention 2.0 to 3.0
with Warfarin?
What conditions are treated with Warfarin to achieve a Stroke, DVT, or atrial fibrillation
therapeutic INR range?
What does the phrase '2 to 3 keeps the clot from me' refer It refers to the target INR range for warfarin patients.
to?
What is the gold standard INR range for most warfarin 2.0-3.0
patients?
, NP Board Exam
Which conditions are commonly treated with warfarin? Stroke, DVT, or atrial fibrillation.
What is pharmacogenomics? The study of how genetic variations influence an individual's response to
medications.
What aspect of medication does pharmacogenomics Drug metabolism.
particularly focus on?
What does 'Pharma-GENE-omics' refer to? Genes + medications
How does genetic code influence drug response? It is the basis of personalized medicine.
What is pharmacokinetics? What the body does to the drug (ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism,
Excretion)
What is pharmacodynamics? What the drug does to the body
What is pharmacogenomics? How genes affect drug response
What is the INR goal for patients with mechanical mitral 2.5 to 3.5
valves?
Why is the INR goal for mechanical mitral valve patients Due to high risk of thromboembolism.
set at 2.5 to 3.5?
What is the INR range for patients with a mechanical mitral 2.5 to 3.5
valve?
What is the INR range for patients with stroke, DVT, or 2.0 to 3.0
Afib?
What mnemonic can help remember that mitral valve Mitral = More
replacements require more anticoagulation?
What hormone levels need to be monitored during TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) levels
Levothyroxine therapy?
What is the purpose of monitoring TSH levels in To assess proper dosing and ensure the patient remains euthyroid.
Levothyroxine therapy?
, NP Board Exam
What should you monitor when a patient is on TSH
Levothyroxine?
What should you monitor when a patient is on Warfarin? INR
What does TSH indicate in relation to Levothyroxine It tells you if it's working properly or needs adjusting.
treatment?
What is the preferred pain management medication for Acetaminophen
elderly patients with osteoarthritis and cardiovascular risk?
Why is acetaminophen preferred over NSAIDs for elderly Due to lower risk of GI bleeding, renal impairment, and cardiovascular events.
patients with cardiovascular risk?
What conditions are considered cardiovascular risks in Coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (Afib).
elderly patients?
What is the safest pain reliever for elderly patients? Acetaminophen
Why is acetaminophen recommended for elderly patients It is the safest option.
with cardiac history?
What risk factors make acetaminophen a preferred choice Cardiac history or GI risk.
for elderly patients?
What is the initial treatment for HFrEF (LVEF ≤ 40%)? First-line therapy includes an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and a beta-
blocker.
What type of medication is valsartan? Valsartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).
What type of medication is carvedilol? Carvedilol is a beta-blocker.
What are the benefits of the initial treatment for HFrEF? The treatment improves survival and reduces hospitalizations.
What does HFrEF stand for? Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction
What does 'V' represent in the mnemonic 'HFrEF = Heart Valsartan (or another ARB/ARNI/ACEI)
needs help from V&C'?
What does MIC stand for? Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
What is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)? The lowest concentration of an antibiotic necessary to inhibit visible bacterial growth
after incubation.
What does MIC stand for in microbiology? Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
What does the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) It is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that prevents visible growth of a
do? bacterium.
What is the significance of MIC in treating bacterial MIC indicates the amount of antibiotic needed to inhibit bacterial growth without
infections? overkill.
Term: Bioavailability Definition: The proportion of a drug that reaches systemic circulation and is
available to have an effect after administration.
What does 'Bio' in 'Bioavailability' refer to? Body
What does 'Available' in 'Bioavailability' imply? Ready to work
What is bioavailability? How much of the drug is ready to work in your body
What is the main organ of biotransformation? The liver
What is the primary site of drug biotransformation? The liver
Which enzyme system is mainly involved in drug CYP450 enzyme system
biotransformation in the liver?
Think: “Live(r) to transform ”The liver “lives” to transform drugs into a form the body can eliminate.
Term: CYP450 Inducer Definition: A medication that increases the clearance of other drugs by accelerating
their metabolism through the CYP450 enzyme system.
What is the effect of an inducer on drug metabolism? Increases metabolism
, NP Board Exam
What is the result of increased metabolism on drug Drugs leave the body faster
clearance?
What is the effect of an inhibitor on drug metabolism? Inhibits metabolism
What is the result of inhibited metabolism on drug levels in Keeps drugs around longer
the body?
Term: CYP450 Inhibitor Definition: A drug that decreases the clearance of other medications by slowing
down their metabolism via the CYP450 enzyme system.
What does a CYP450 inhibitor do to drug clearance? It slows clearance.
What is the effect of a CYP450 inhibitor on drug levels in It keeps drugs in the system longer.
the system?
What is a potential risk associated with CYP450 inhibitors? Higher risk of toxicity.
What is First-Pass Metabolism? The process where an oral drug is metabolized in the liver after absorption from the
small intestine.
What effect does First-Pass Metabolism have on drugs? It reduces the amount of active drug entering systemic circulation.
What is the first stop for drugs in the body? The liver
What does 'first-pass' refer to in pharmacology? The process where a drug is processed by the liver before it enters the
bloodstream.
What is the therapeutic INR range for stroke prevention 2.0 to 3.0
with Warfarin?
What conditions are treated with Warfarin to achieve a Stroke, DVT, or atrial fibrillation
therapeutic INR range?
What does the phrase '2 to 3 keeps the clot from me' refer It refers to the target INR range for warfarin patients.
to?
What is the gold standard INR range for most warfarin 2.0-3.0
patients?
, NP Board Exam
Which conditions are commonly treated with warfarin? Stroke, DVT, or atrial fibrillation.
What is pharmacogenomics? The study of how genetic variations influence an individual's response to
medications.
What aspect of medication does pharmacogenomics Drug metabolism.
particularly focus on?
What does 'Pharma-GENE-omics' refer to? Genes + medications
How does genetic code influence drug response? It is the basis of personalized medicine.
What is pharmacokinetics? What the body does to the drug (ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism,
Excretion)
What is pharmacodynamics? What the drug does to the body
What is pharmacogenomics? How genes affect drug response
What is the INR goal for patients with mechanical mitral 2.5 to 3.5
valves?
Why is the INR goal for mechanical mitral valve patients Due to high risk of thromboembolism.
set at 2.5 to 3.5?
What is the INR range for patients with a mechanical mitral 2.5 to 3.5
valve?
What is the INR range for patients with stroke, DVT, or 2.0 to 3.0
Afib?
What mnemonic can help remember that mitral valve Mitral = More
replacements require more anticoagulation?
What hormone levels need to be monitored during TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) levels
Levothyroxine therapy?
What is the purpose of monitoring TSH levels in To assess proper dosing and ensure the patient remains euthyroid.
Levothyroxine therapy?
, NP Board Exam
What should you monitor when a patient is on TSH
Levothyroxine?
What should you monitor when a patient is on Warfarin? INR
What does TSH indicate in relation to Levothyroxine It tells you if it's working properly or needs adjusting.
treatment?
What is the preferred pain management medication for Acetaminophen
elderly patients with osteoarthritis and cardiovascular risk?
Why is acetaminophen preferred over NSAIDs for elderly Due to lower risk of GI bleeding, renal impairment, and cardiovascular events.
patients with cardiovascular risk?
What conditions are considered cardiovascular risks in Coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (Afib).
elderly patients?
What is the safest pain reliever for elderly patients? Acetaminophen
Why is acetaminophen recommended for elderly patients It is the safest option.
with cardiac history?
What risk factors make acetaminophen a preferred choice Cardiac history or GI risk.
for elderly patients?
What is the initial treatment for HFrEF (LVEF ≤ 40%)? First-line therapy includes an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and a beta-
blocker.
What type of medication is valsartan? Valsartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).
What type of medication is carvedilol? Carvedilol is a beta-blocker.
What are the benefits of the initial treatment for HFrEF? The treatment improves survival and reduces hospitalizations.
What does HFrEF stand for? Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction
What does 'V' represent in the mnemonic 'HFrEF = Heart Valsartan (or another ARB/ARNI/ACEI)
needs help from V&C'?
