APHON CHEMO COURSE AND ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW
AND GET YOU READY: 2026-2027 EXAM GRADED A+
WITH CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Tumour marker
a characteristic feature or by-product of a tumour cell that serves as a useful indication of
tumour cell origin or tumour activity
Risk stratification
allows for tailoring therapy after consideration of factors beyond those traditional staging
systems; this approach allows for early intensification of treatment
Pharmacokinetics
the movement of a drug in the body and studies how the body affects the administered drug
Pharmacogenetics
the study of how a person's genetic makeup affects that person's response to drug therapy
Surgery
often used as a method for treating cancer with the primary goal being to reduce the tumor
burden so that any remaining cancer cells can be more effectively destroyed by host
immunologic factors, chemo, or immunotherapy
Resection
surgical treatment of a tumor by removing it
,Complete resection
surgical treatment that involves the removal of all visible and microscopic evidence of the
tumor
Partial resection
surgical debulking that involves resecting a portion of the tumor because the entire mass
cannot be completely or safely removed
Chemotherapy
drug therapy aimed at reducing visible tumor volume by cytotoxic effects and preventing
tumor cell division and spread; agents are designed to kill malignant cells during different
phases of the cell cycle
Radiation therapy
the goal of treatment is to target the tumor for destruction while sparing the surrounding
tissues
Apoptosis
natural cell death
Necrosis
cell death that results from an insult, such as a lack of blood supply, physical trauma, or
cytotoxic therapy that leads to rupture of the cell membrane and spilling of cell contents
Malignant cells
cells that do not have a finite number of cell divisions as normal cells do; lost the ability to
undergo apoptosis; can keep replicating and dividing indefinitely
, Aberrant cell division
the primary characteristic of malignant cells
immunotherapy
biologic therapy that activates, modulates, or restores the patient's immune system in order to
control the cancer
molecular targeted therapy
biologic therapy that act directly on a cancer cell to exert effect on a specific pathway or
function that the cancer cell depends on for growth, division, or spread
grade x
grade of the tumor cannot be assessed
grade 1
well-differentiated; looks identical to the organ or structure of origin
grade 2
moderately differentiated
grade 3
poorly differentiated; bears little resemblance to the organ or structure of origin
grade 4
AND GET YOU READY: 2026-2027 EXAM GRADED A+
WITH CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Tumour marker
a characteristic feature or by-product of a tumour cell that serves as a useful indication of
tumour cell origin or tumour activity
Risk stratification
allows for tailoring therapy after consideration of factors beyond those traditional staging
systems; this approach allows for early intensification of treatment
Pharmacokinetics
the movement of a drug in the body and studies how the body affects the administered drug
Pharmacogenetics
the study of how a person's genetic makeup affects that person's response to drug therapy
Surgery
often used as a method for treating cancer with the primary goal being to reduce the tumor
burden so that any remaining cancer cells can be more effectively destroyed by host
immunologic factors, chemo, or immunotherapy
Resection
surgical treatment of a tumor by removing it
,Complete resection
surgical treatment that involves the removal of all visible and microscopic evidence of the
tumor
Partial resection
surgical debulking that involves resecting a portion of the tumor because the entire mass
cannot be completely or safely removed
Chemotherapy
drug therapy aimed at reducing visible tumor volume by cytotoxic effects and preventing
tumor cell division and spread; agents are designed to kill malignant cells during different
phases of the cell cycle
Radiation therapy
the goal of treatment is to target the tumor for destruction while sparing the surrounding
tissues
Apoptosis
natural cell death
Necrosis
cell death that results from an insult, such as a lack of blood supply, physical trauma, or
cytotoxic therapy that leads to rupture of the cell membrane and spilling of cell contents
Malignant cells
cells that do not have a finite number of cell divisions as normal cells do; lost the ability to
undergo apoptosis; can keep replicating and dividing indefinitely
, Aberrant cell division
the primary characteristic of malignant cells
immunotherapy
biologic therapy that activates, modulates, or restores the patient's immune system in order to
control the cancer
molecular targeted therapy
biologic therapy that act directly on a cancer cell to exert effect on a specific pathway or
function that the cancer cell depends on for growth, division, or spread
grade x
grade of the tumor cannot be assessed
grade 1
well-differentiated; looks identical to the organ or structure of origin
grade 2
moderately differentiated
grade 3
poorly differentiated; bears little resemblance to the organ or structure of origin
grade 4
