WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
COMPLETE TEST PAPER WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
◉ Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other?
Answer: Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body
in one tube while dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and salts) is
pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction. Waste from
the blood diffuses through the semipermeable membrane separating
the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a
solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The
peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The
waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste
solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption
to the patient's daily routines. However, it does require some
training of the patient and is not recommended for individuals who
are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
,Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several
hours sitting at a hospital or clinic. Individuals with acute kidney
failure are recommended to use hemodialysis.
◉ How does homeostasis and maintaining optimal physiological
health impact your wellbeing?
Answer: Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable
environment in the body despite internal and external changes.
Proteins and other cellular processes require optimal conditions in
order to carry out their functions.
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, glucose levels,
etc. can have negative effects on health, so it is vital for mechanisms
that regulate homeostasis to function properly for maintaining good
health
◉ Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity ?
Answer: The innate immune system encompasses physical barriers
and chemical and cellular defenses. Physical barriers protect the
body from invasion. These include things like the skin and eyelashes.
Chemical barriers are defense mechanisms that can destroy harmful
agent. Examples include tears, mucous, and stomach acid.
Cellular defenses of the innate immune response are non-specific.
These cellular defenses identify pathogens and substances that are
potentially dangerous and takes steps to neutralize or destroy them.
,Adaptive immunity is an organism's acquired immunity to a specific
pathogen. As such, it's also referred to as acquired immunity.
Adaptive immunity is not immediate, nor does it always last
throughout an organism's entire lifespan, although it can.
The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal expansion of T
and B lymphocytes, releasing many antibody copies to neutralize or
destroy their target antigen
◉ What is a way that Adaptive Immunity can recruit innate
immunity?
Answer: The innate immune response to microbes stimulates
adaptive immune responses and influences the nature of the
adaptive responses.
Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work by enhancing
the protective mechanisms of innate immunity, making them more
capable of effectively combating pathogenic microbes
◉ Why are some infections harder on children while other infections
are harder on the elderly?
Answer: Children have not been exposed to many pathogens yet, so
they lack memory cells and have not built-up immunity yet.
, The elderly have a depleted naïve T cell population from years of
battling infections, so the likelihood of getting a match is less.
◉ Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of
redness, swelling, heat, and pain?
(Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your
response.)
Answer: An injury causes an inflammatory response which is
responsible for the redness, swelling, heat and pain. Upon injury,
cells on the surface begin to release chemokines which act as
messengers that something has happened.
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which travel to the
endothelial cells of capillaries and causes vasodilation, which is
related to swelling and redness.
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become leaky which
allows for histamines, chemokines and even pathogen particles to
enter the blood stream where they are met by neutrophils (non-
specific) which start to adhere to the capillary wall and squeeze
through the leaky holes (diapedesis or extravasation) to
phagocytose pathogens and damaged cells.
COMPLETE TEST PAPER WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
◉ Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other?
Answer: Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body
in one tube while dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and salts) is
pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction. Waste from
the blood diffuses through the semipermeable membrane separating
the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a
solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The
peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The
waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste
solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption
to the patient's daily routines. However, it does require some
training of the patient and is not recommended for individuals who
are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
,Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several
hours sitting at a hospital or clinic. Individuals with acute kidney
failure are recommended to use hemodialysis.
◉ How does homeostasis and maintaining optimal physiological
health impact your wellbeing?
Answer: Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable
environment in the body despite internal and external changes.
Proteins and other cellular processes require optimal conditions in
order to carry out their functions.
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, glucose levels,
etc. can have negative effects on health, so it is vital for mechanisms
that regulate homeostasis to function properly for maintaining good
health
◉ Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity ?
Answer: The innate immune system encompasses physical barriers
and chemical and cellular defenses. Physical barriers protect the
body from invasion. These include things like the skin and eyelashes.
Chemical barriers are defense mechanisms that can destroy harmful
agent. Examples include tears, mucous, and stomach acid.
Cellular defenses of the innate immune response are non-specific.
These cellular defenses identify pathogens and substances that are
potentially dangerous and takes steps to neutralize or destroy them.
,Adaptive immunity is an organism's acquired immunity to a specific
pathogen. As such, it's also referred to as acquired immunity.
Adaptive immunity is not immediate, nor does it always last
throughout an organism's entire lifespan, although it can.
The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal expansion of T
and B lymphocytes, releasing many antibody copies to neutralize or
destroy their target antigen
◉ What is a way that Adaptive Immunity can recruit innate
immunity?
Answer: The innate immune response to microbes stimulates
adaptive immune responses and influences the nature of the
adaptive responses.
Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work by enhancing
the protective mechanisms of innate immunity, making them more
capable of effectively combating pathogenic microbes
◉ Why are some infections harder on children while other infections
are harder on the elderly?
Answer: Children have not been exposed to many pathogens yet, so
they lack memory cells and have not built-up immunity yet.
, The elderly have a depleted naïve T cell population from years of
battling infections, so the likelihood of getting a match is less.
◉ Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of
redness, swelling, heat, and pain?
(Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your
response.)
Answer: An injury causes an inflammatory response which is
responsible for the redness, swelling, heat and pain. Upon injury,
cells on the surface begin to release chemokines which act as
messengers that something has happened.
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which travel to the
endothelial cells of capillaries and causes vasodilation, which is
related to swelling and redness.
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become leaky which
allows for histamines, chemokines and even pathogen particles to
enter the blood stream where they are met by neutrophils (non-
specific) which start to adhere to the capillary wall and squeeze
through the leaky holes (diapedesis or extravasation) to
phagocytose pathogens and damaged cells.
