NUR 305 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 CHAPTERS 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11 & 40 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
define cellular injury - ANS ✔✔cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - ANS ✔✔hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious ammo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - ANS ✔✔dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - ANS ✔✔when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP, functions are
reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - ANS ✔✔when a breach occurs, injurious agents can affect any of
the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
defects in protein synthesis ability - ANS ✔✔dwindling ATP
EX: lack of protein synthesis = cell death
intracellular accumulations - ANS ✔✔EX: occur when liver is exposed to lots of alcohol
EX: (environmental) anthracosis - coal miners lung disease
genetic damage - ANS ✔✔mutations
atrophy - ANS ✔✔decrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔increase in cell size
EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive structures - strength
training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive structures -
hypertension
, hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔increasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - ANS ✔✔replacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - ANS ✔✔range of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - ANS ✔✔new growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
two types of cell deaths - ANS ✔✔apoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - ANS ✔✔programed cell death
EX: menopause
necrosis - ANS ✔✔cell death by injury
EX: stab die
interventions for cell injury - ANS ✔✔cadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - ANS ✔✔reduced blood flow
gangrene - ANS ✔✔dead tissue for certain types of bacteria
what is the nurses role in preventing cellular injury? - ANS ✔✔EX: The nurse's role in caring for the
patient with a hypoxic or cellular injury is mainly focused on maintaining proper blood blow throughout
body, while observing signs of deterioration.
DNA - ANS ✔✔the double helical structure that can be broken down into nucleotides
nucleotide - ANS ✔✔a combination of pentose sugar molecules, phosphate, and a purine or pyrimidine
(nitrogen base: A, T, G, C)
codons - ANS ✔✔the arrangement of three specific DNA basis
gene locus - ANS ✔✔location on a chromsome
heterozygous alleles - ANS ✔✔different codes for genetic traits
homozygous alleles - ANS ✔✔identical codes for genetic traits
11 & 40 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
define cellular injury - ANS ✔✔cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - ANS ✔✔hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious ammo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - ANS ✔✔dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - ANS ✔✔when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP, functions are
reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - ANS ✔✔when a breach occurs, injurious agents can affect any of
the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
defects in protein synthesis ability - ANS ✔✔dwindling ATP
EX: lack of protein synthesis = cell death
intracellular accumulations - ANS ✔✔EX: occur when liver is exposed to lots of alcohol
EX: (environmental) anthracosis - coal miners lung disease
genetic damage - ANS ✔✔mutations
atrophy - ANS ✔✔decrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔increase in cell size
EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive structures - strength
training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive structures -
hypertension
, hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔increasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - ANS ✔✔replacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - ANS ✔✔range of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - ANS ✔✔new growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
two types of cell deaths - ANS ✔✔apoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - ANS ✔✔programed cell death
EX: menopause
necrosis - ANS ✔✔cell death by injury
EX: stab die
interventions for cell injury - ANS ✔✔cadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - ANS ✔✔reduced blood flow
gangrene - ANS ✔✔dead tissue for certain types of bacteria
what is the nurses role in preventing cellular injury? - ANS ✔✔EX: The nurse's role in caring for the
patient with a hypoxic or cellular injury is mainly focused on maintaining proper blood blow throughout
body, while observing signs of deterioration.
DNA - ANS ✔✔the double helical structure that can be broken down into nucleotides
nucleotide - ANS ✔✔a combination of pentose sugar molecules, phosphate, and a purine or pyrimidine
(nitrogen base: A, T, G, C)
codons - ANS ✔✔the arrangement of three specific DNA basis
gene locus - ANS ✔✔location on a chromsome
heterozygous alleles - ANS ✔✔different codes for genetic traits
homozygous alleles - ANS ✔✔identical codes for genetic traits
