Introduction to Computer
Science – D684 2026 |
Study Guide, Practice
Questions, Answers,
Rationales & Exam Review
| Complete Ethics Study
Guide
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales
Included
,abstract data type a blueprint for organizing and working with data that defines what operations can be
performed on the data without specifying how they are implemented
array a homogenous collection of items stored in a contiguous memory block, each
identified by an index number, allowing for efficient access to elements based on
their position
composite variable a variable that can hold multiple pieces of data, often grouped together under a
single name
container a data structure that holds a collection of elements, providing methods to add,
remove, and access items within it
data structure a way of organizing and storing data in a computer's memory designed to facilitate
the efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data
Data Structures - Linked List A linear data structure where elements, called nodes, are connected using pointers
instead of being stored in contiguous memory.
In languages like C, C++, or Java, linked lists are usually homogeneous because
each node is defined with a fixed data type.
In languages like Python or JavaScript, linked lists can store mixed data types in
different nodes, making them heterogeneous.
Linked Structure Any structure composed of elements connected by links or pointers, enabling
dynamic relationships among data elements.
Data Structures - Lists A collection of items arranged in a linear sequence, allowing for easy access to and
the insertion and deletion of elements.
A list can hold multiple elements, and depending on the language, the elements
may be of the same type or different types.
Data Structures - Queue A data structure that follows a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order where elements are
added to the back and removed from the front.
Data Structures - Record A record is a collection of related data items, usually of different types, grouped
together as a single unit.
A record can hold multiple fields or attributes, such as strings, numbers, and
booleans, each with its own data type.
, Data Structures - Stack A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle,
meaning the last item added is the first to be removed.
asynchronous a type of operation that runs independently of the main program flow, allowing
additional tasks to happen without waiting for others to complete
bytecode a low-level, platform-independent code that is executed by a virtual machine,
typically produced by compiling source code
case sensitive when a programming language treats uppercase and lowercase letters as different
characters
Object Oriented Programming - Class A blueprint for creating objects in object-oriented programming that defines the
properties and behaviors the objects will have.
Compiler A tool that translates source code written in a high-level programming language into
machine code or bytecode that a computer can execute.
Object Oriented Programming - Encapsulation Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (a class) and
restricting access to some of the object's components.
Object Oriented Programming - Field A variable associated with a class or object that represents a piece of data stored in
that object.
Science – D684 2026 |
Study Guide, Practice
Questions, Answers,
Rationales & Exam Review
| Complete Ethics Study
Guide
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales
Included
,abstract data type a blueprint for organizing and working with data that defines what operations can be
performed on the data without specifying how they are implemented
array a homogenous collection of items stored in a contiguous memory block, each
identified by an index number, allowing for efficient access to elements based on
their position
composite variable a variable that can hold multiple pieces of data, often grouped together under a
single name
container a data structure that holds a collection of elements, providing methods to add,
remove, and access items within it
data structure a way of organizing and storing data in a computer's memory designed to facilitate
the efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data
Data Structures - Linked List A linear data structure where elements, called nodes, are connected using pointers
instead of being stored in contiguous memory.
In languages like C, C++, or Java, linked lists are usually homogeneous because
each node is defined with a fixed data type.
In languages like Python or JavaScript, linked lists can store mixed data types in
different nodes, making them heterogeneous.
Linked Structure Any structure composed of elements connected by links or pointers, enabling
dynamic relationships among data elements.
Data Structures - Lists A collection of items arranged in a linear sequence, allowing for easy access to and
the insertion and deletion of elements.
A list can hold multiple elements, and depending on the language, the elements
may be of the same type or different types.
Data Structures - Queue A data structure that follows a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order where elements are
added to the back and removed from the front.
Data Structures - Record A record is a collection of related data items, usually of different types, grouped
together as a single unit.
A record can hold multiple fields or attributes, such as strings, numbers, and
booleans, each with its own data type.
, Data Structures - Stack A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle,
meaning the last item added is the first to be removed.
asynchronous a type of operation that runs independently of the main program flow, allowing
additional tasks to happen without waiting for others to complete
bytecode a low-level, platform-independent code that is executed by a virtual machine,
typically produced by compiling source code
case sensitive when a programming language treats uppercase and lowercase letters as different
characters
Object Oriented Programming - Class A blueprint for creating objects in object-oriented programming that defines the
properties and behaviors the objects will have.
Compiler A tool that translates source code written in a high-level programming language into
machine code or bytecode that a computer can execute.
Object Oriented Programming - Encapsulation Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (a class) and
restricting access to some of the object's components.
Object Oriented Programming - Field A variable associated with a class or object that represents a piece of data stored in
that object.
