DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
FIRST YEAR
CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL
ONLY LABORATORY WORKBOOK AND
MANUAL for
CHE1503
REVISED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
,© 2019 University of South Africa
All rights reserved
Printed and published by the
University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria
CHE1503/2/2020
, CONTENTS
I N T R OD U CT ION ............................................................................................................................ 5
GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................................................................................... 6
COMMON HAZARDS: SYMBOLS ............................................................................................... 7
BASIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT .................................................................................... 9
LABORATORY SAFETY RULES ........................................................................................... 10
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 12
1. MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 12
2. ATOMIC THEORY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE ................................................................................. 17
3. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY ............................................................................. 19
4. EXPRESSIONS OF CONCENTRATION .............................................................................................. 23
5. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM .................................................................................................................. 26
6. LE CHâTELIER’S PRINCIPLE ............................................................................................................. 28
7. ACIDS AND BASES AND IONIC EQUILIBRIA ................................................................................... 30
EXPERIMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 37
EXPERIMENT 1 .................................................................................................................................... 38
Systems of measuring ............................................................................................................ 38
TITRATION PRACTICALS ....................................................................................................... 52
EX PERIMENT 2 57
Titration of a strong base with a strong acid ............................................................ 57
EX PERIMENT 3 65
Standardisation of sodium hydroxide stock solution with potassium hydrogen
phthalate .................................................................................................................... 65
EXPERIMENT 4 72
Determination of the acid content of vinegar ..................................................................... 72
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS ............................................................................. 79
EXPERIMENT 5 80
Chemical equilibrium: Lechâtelier’s principle................................................................. 80
EX PERIMENT 6 94
Construction and use of a calibration curve .............................................................. 94
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS ....................................................................... 107
, EX PERIMENT 7 108
Classification of chemical reactions .................................................................................... 108
EX PERIMENT 8 117
Investigation of some precipitation reactions ........................................................ 117
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS ............................................................................. 124
EX PERIMENT 9 125
Functional group identification................................................................................................................ 125
EX PERIMENT 10 137
Nucleophilic substitution reactions ................................................................................... 137
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 155
FIRST YEAR
CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL
ONLY LABORATORY WORKBOOK AND
MANUAL for
CHE1503
REVISED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
,© 2019 University of South Africa
All rights reserved
Printed and published by the
University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria
CHE1503/2/2020
, CONTENTS
I N T R OD U CT ION ............................................................................................................................ 5
GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................................................................................... 6
COMMON HAZARDS: SYMBOLS ............................................................................................... 7
BASIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT .................................................................................... 9
LABORATORY SAFETY RULES ........................................................................................... 10
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 12
1. MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 12
2. ATOMIC THEORY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE ................................................................................. 17
3. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY ............................................................................. 19
4. EXPRESSIONS OF CONCENTRATION .............................................................................................. 23
5. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM .................................................................................................................. 26
6. LE CHâTELIER’S PRINCIPLE ............................................................................................................. 28
7. ACIDS AND BASES AND IONIC EQUILIBRIA ................................................................................... 30
EXPERIMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 37
EXPERIMENT 1 .................................................................................................................................... 38
Systems of measuring ............................................................................................................ 38
TITRATION PRACTICALS ....................................................................................................... 52
EX PERIMENT 2 57
Titration of a strong base with a strong acid ............................................................ 57
EX PERIMENT 3 65
Standardisation of sodium hydroxide stock solution with potassium hydrogen
phthalate .................................................................................................................... 65
EXPERIMENT 4 72
Determination of the acid content of vinegar ..................................................................... 72
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS ............................................................................. 79
EXPERIMENT 5 80
Chemical equilibrium: Lechâtelier’s principle................................................................. 80
EX PERIMENT 6 94
Construction and use of a calibration curve .............................................................. 94
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS ....................................................................... 107
, EX PERIMENT 7 108
Classification of chemical reactions .................................................................................... 108
EX PERIMENT 8 117
Investigation of some precipitation reactions ........................................................ 117
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS ............................................................................. 124
EX PERIMENT 9 125
Functional group identification................................................................................................................ 125
EX PERIMENT 10 137
Nucleophilic substitution reactions ................................................................................... 137
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 155
