Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Review questions and answers
A+ Grade
Pharmacokinetic (PK) principles
- correct answer ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
Absorption
- correct answer The process of a drug entering the bloodstream; includes enteral (oral/rectal) and
parental (IM, subcutaneous, topical) routes.
Factors that impact absorption
- correct answer Water-soluble & lipid-soluble drugs, first-pass effect, bioavailability (% of drug that
reaches circulation), drug form/route of administration, GI mucosa & liver metabolism.
Distribution
- correct answer The dispersion of drugs throughout the fluids and tissues of the body, influenced by
protein binding and volume of distribution.
Metabolism
- correct answer The biochemical modification of drugs, primarily through enzymatic activity.
Excretion
- correct answer The process of removing drugs from the body.
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
- correct answer The study of how drugs affect the body and initiate therapeutic/toxic effects at a
cellular level or systemically.
Pharmaceutics
- correct answer The science of preparing and dispensing drugs; includes disintegration (breakdown of
tablets) and dissolution (dissolving of particles in GI fluid).
,Rate limiting
- correct answer The time required for a drug to disintegrate and dissolve for absorption; affected by
factors like enteric coating.
CYP450 significance
- correct answer A family of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and excretion,
affecting detoxification and half-life of drugs.
Drug clearance from the body
- correct answer Primarily occurs through the kidneys, liver, and GI system.
Drug tolerance
- correct answer A decreased response to the same dose of a drug with repeated exposure, requiring
more drug to achieve the same effect.
Cross sensitization
- correct answer An increased response to the same dose of a drug with repeated (binge-like) exposure,
requiring less drug to achieve the same effect.
Affinity
- correct answer The propensity of a drug to bind with a receptor.
Selectivity
- correct answer The specific affinity of a drug for certain receptors versus others.
Therapeutic Index
- correct answer The ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose; low therapeutic index indicates a
narrow margin of safety.
Therapeutic Window
- correct answer The range of drug concentration in plasma between the minimum effective
concentration and the minimum toxic concentration.
, Agonists
- correct answer Drugs that produce a response (e.g., albuterol).
Antagonists
- correct answer Drugs that block a response (e.g., Narcan).
Receptor theory
- correct answer The activity of many drugs is determined by their ability to bind to receptors, where
action takes place.
Cholinergic response
- correct answer Effects on body systems: decrease HR (heart), decrease BP (vessels), pupil constriction
(eye), bronchioles constriction (bronchus), increased gastric secretion (stomach).
Phases of drug approval by the FDA
- correct answer Includes preclinical trials, phase 1 studies, phase 2 studies, phase 3 studies, and phase 4
studies, taking about 10 years.
DEA scheduled drug guidelines
- correct answer Classification of drugs based on potential for abuse: Schedule 1 (high abuse, no
therapeutic use), Schedule 2 (valid use, high abuse), Schedule 3 (lower abuse, no refills), Schedule 4 (low
abuse, can refill), Schedule 5 (least abuse, moderate opioids, can refill).
e-prescribe
- correct answer Be very clear in what the intention of the prescription is for, communicate with the
patient when a new drug is prescribed, be knowledgeable on the drug you are prescribing (do research).
Factors influencing drug therapy
- correct answer Age, Sex, Race, Comorbidities, Culture & cultural beliefs, Weight, Allergies,
Pharmacogenomics, Other prescribed meds or OTC's.
Adverse reaction
- correct answer Drug induced toxic reactions.
A+ Grade
Pharmacokinetic (PK) principles
- correct answer ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
Absorption
- correct answer The process of a drug entering the bloodstream; includes enteral (oral/rectal) and
parental (IM, subcutaneous, topical) routes.
Factors that impact absorption
- correct answer Water-soluble & lipid-soluble drugs, first-pass effect, bioavailability (% of drug that
reaches circulation), drug form/route of administration, GI mucosa & liver metabolism.
Distribution
- correct answer The dispersion of drugs throughout the fluids and tissues of the body, influenced by
protein binding and volume of distribution.
Metabolism
- correct answer The biochemical modification of drugs, primarily through enzymatic activity.
Excretion
- correct answer The process of removing drugs from the body.
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
- correct answer The study of how drugs affect the body and initiate therapeutic/toxic effects at a
cellular level or systemically.
Pharmaceutics
- correct answer The science of preparing and dispensing drugs; includes disintegration (breakdown of
tablets) and dissolution (dissolving of particles in GI fluid).
,Rate limiting
- correct answer The time required for a drug to disintegrate and dissolve for absorption; affected by
factors like enteric coating.
CYP450 significance
- correct answer A family of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and excretion,
affecting detoxification and half-life of drugs.
Drug clearance from the body
- correct answer Primarily occurs through the kidneys, liver, and GI system.
Drug tolerance
- correct answer A decreased response to the same dose of a drug with repeated exposure, requiring
more drug to achieve the same effect.
Cross sensitization
- correct answer An increased response to the same dose of a drug with repeated (binge-like) exposure,
requiring less drug to achieve the same effect.
Affinity
- correct answer The propensity of a drug to bind with a receptor.
Selectivity
- correct answer The specific affinity of a drug for certain receptors versus others.
Therapeutic Index
- correct answer The ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose; low therapeutic index indicates a
narrow margin of safety.
Therapeutic Window
- correct answer The range of drug concentration in plasma between the minimum effective
concentration and the minimum toxic concentration.
, Agonists
- correct answer Drugs that produce a response (e.g., albuterol).
Antagonists
- correct answer Drugs that block a response (e.g., Narcan).
Receptor theory
- correct answer The activity of many drugs is determined by their ability to bind to receptors, where
action takes place.
Cholinergic response
- correct answer Effects on body systems: decrease HR (heart), decrease BP (vessels), pupil constriction
(eye), bronchioles constriction (bronchus), increased gastric secretion (stomach).
Phases of drug approval by the FDA
- correct answer Includes preclinical trials, phase 1 studies, phase 2 studies, phase 3 studies, and phase 4
studies, taking about 10 years.
DEA scheduled drug guidelines
- correct answer Classification of drugs based on potential for abuse: Schedule 1 (high abuse, no
therapeutic use), Schedule 2 (valid use, high abuse), Schedule 3 (lower abuse, no refills), Schedule 4 (low
abuse, can refill), Schedule 5 (least abuse, moderate opioids, can refill).
e-prescribe
- correct answer Be very clear in what the intention of the prescription is for, communicate with the
patient when a new drug is prescribed, be knowledgeable on the drug you are prescribing (do research).
Factors influencing drug therapy
- correct answer Age, Sex, Race, Comorbidities, Culture & cultural beliefs, Weight, Allergies,
Pharmacogenomics, Other prescribed meds or OTC's.
Adverse reaction
- correct answer Drug induced toxic reactions.
