Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam.Final Test
2026\2027.
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell.
(T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one
would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or
smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for
respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very
critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a
higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will
occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller
cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the
higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the
amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell
is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger
,Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam.Final Test
2026\2027.
cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic
processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by
covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus;
and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B- ___________
Label D- __________
Label E- __________
Label F- __________
Label G- __________
B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess
secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective
mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
,Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam.Final Test
2026\2027.
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive
system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and
mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl
in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid,
generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested
along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The
secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief
cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by
the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
, Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam.Final Test
2026\2027.
7: ____________
8: ____________
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________
A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
D. Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this
diagnosis and (2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.
(1) The textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone
tissue degenerates faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing
increased pain, and more likely to fracture due to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are
responsible for bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the
ongoing breakdown of the bone which is responsible in the process that included the
osteoblasts that take the calcium from the blood.
Label the following five muscles:
B: _____________
C: _____________
2026\2027.
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell.
(T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one
would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or
smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for
respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very
critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a
higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will
occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller
cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the
higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the
amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell
is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger
,Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam.Final Test
2026\2027.
cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic
processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by
covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus;
and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B- ___________
Label D- __________
Label E- __________
Label F- __________
Label G- __________
B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess
secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective
mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
,Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam.Final Test
2026\2027.
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive
system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and
mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl
in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid,
generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested
along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The
secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief
cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by
the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
, Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam.Final Test
2026\2027.
7: ____________
8: ____________
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________
A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
D. Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this
diagnosis and (2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.
(1) The textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone
tissue degenerates faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing
increased pain, and more likely to fracture due to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are
responsible for bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the
ongoing breakdown of the bone which is responsible in the process that included the
osteoblasts that take the calcium from the blood.
Label the following five muscles:
B: _____________
C: _____________
