WGU pathophysiology D236 exam
What is Starling's Law of Capillary Starling's Law describes how fluids move across
the forces? capillary membrane. There are two major opposing
forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic
How does this explain why a pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and
nutritionally deficient child would have osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure,
which edema? pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in
the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte
and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
water to leave the cells and interstitial space and
enter the blood stream to dilute the high
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient
child) would cause water to leave the capillaries
and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can
lead to edema.
,How does the RAAS (Renin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys
Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) triggers prodcution of renin
result in increased blood volume and
increased blood pressure? Renin triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen,
and converts it into Angiotensin I and angiotensin II
by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
raises BP.
Angiotensin II stimulate the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water
absorption increasing blood volume, while also
increased potassium secretion in urine.
,How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
arrest? mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve
impulses in muscles. Too low causes muscle weakness
too much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle
and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter
System, Phosphate Buffering System, the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate affecting its function as well
System to regulate and maintain
homeostatic pH, what is the
consequence of a pH imbalance
Describe the laboratory findings Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
associated with metabolic acidosis, 7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-:
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie Metabolic acidosis ph less than 7.35 and low HC03.
relative pH and CO2 levels). Metabolic alkolosis ph greater than 7.35 and so is
hco3 both of these can be caused my dka. if the ph
and pco2 levels are going in the same direction it is
metabolic if they are going in a different direction it is
respiratory
Respiratory alkolosis ph greater than 7.35and pco2 is
decreased. repsiratory acidosis is ph less than 7.35
and pco2 greater than
, The anion gap is the difference The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
between measured cations (Na+ and in the blood.
K+) and measured anions (Cl- and
HCO3-), this calculation can be useful
Lactic acid and ketones lead to the production of
in determining the cause of
unmeasured anions, therefore leads to an increase in
metabolic acidosis.
the AG.
Why would an increased anion gap be
observed in diabetic ketoacidosis
or lactic acidosis?
Why is it important to maintain a Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
homeostatic balance of glucose in uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
the blood (ie describe the produce energy (ATP).
pathogenesis of diabetes)?
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases,
the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which
binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
initiates the uptake of glucose.
Glucose if left in the blood, can to bind to proteins
and lipids, which can lead to loss of function. leading
to damage in the heart and kidneys.
Compare and contrast Type I and Type Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
II Diabetes insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell
and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Type I is usually treated with insulin injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to
insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no
longer responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections.
What is Starling's Law of Capillary Starling's Law describes how fluids move across
the forces? capillary membrane. There are two major opposing
forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic
How does this explain why a pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and
nutritionally deficient child would have osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure,
which edema? pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in
the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte
and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
water to leave the cells and interstitial space and
enter the blood stream to dilute the high
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient
child) would cause water to leave the capillaries
and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can
lead to edema.
,How does the RAAS (Renin- A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys
Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) triggers prodcution of renin
result in increased blood volume and
increased blood pressure? Renin triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen,
and converts it into Angiotensin I and angiotensin II
by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
raises BP.
Angiotensin II stimulate the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water
absorption increasing blood volume, while also
increased potassium secretion in urine.
,How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
arrest? mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels
higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve
impulses in muscles. Too low causes muscle weakness
too much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle
and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter
System, Phosphate Buffering System, the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate affecting its function as well
System to regulate and maintain
homeostatic pH, what is the
consequence of a pH imbalance
Describe the laboratory findings Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-
associated with metabolic acidosis, 7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-:
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie Metabolic acidosis ph less than 7.35 and low HC03.
relative pH and CO2 levels). Metabolic alkolosis ph greater than 7.35 and so is
hco3 both of these can be caused my dka. if the ph
and pco2 levels are going in the same direction it is
metabolic if they are going in a different direction it is
respiratory
Respiratory alkolosis ph greater than 7.35and pco2 is
decreased. repsiratory acidosis is ph less than 7.35
and pco2 greater than
, The anion gap is the difference The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions
between measured cations (Na+ and in the blood.
K+) and measured anions (Cl- and
HCO3-), this calculation can be useful
Lactic acid and ketones lead to the production of
in determining the cause of
unmeasured anions, therefore leads to an increase in
metabolic acidosis.
the AG.
Why would an increased anion gap be
observed in diabetic ketoacidosis
or lactic acidosis?
Why is it important to maintain a Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
homeostatic balance of glucose in uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
the blood (ie describe the produce energy (ATP).
pathogenesis of diabetes)?
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases,
the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which
binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
initiates the uptake of glucose.
Glucose if left in the blood, can to bind to proteins
and lipids, which can lead to loss of function. leading
to damage in the heart and kidneys.
Compare and contrast Type I and Type Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
II Diabetes insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell
and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Type I is usually treated with insulin injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to
insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no
longer responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the
sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections.
