HUETHER AND MCCANCES
UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CANADIAN EDITION SECOND EDITION
KELLY POWER KEAN VERIFIED CHAPTERS
ONE THROUGH FORTY TWO COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Harmful alterations.
Answer: pathological
⩥ Cellular Adaptation.
Answer: escape and protection from injury, not all cell changes bad,
often good
⩥ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease, shrinkage in cell size usually involves heart, skeletal
muscles, primary or secondary sex organs (ovaries or uterus), and brain
⩥ Physiologic atrophy.
Answer: thymus gland in children
⩥ Pathologic atrophy.
,Answer: occurs as a result of a decrease in workload, pressure use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system simulation
⩥ Disuse atrophy.
Answer: skeletal muscle caused by immobilized in bed for prolonged
time
⩥ Atrophy with aging.
Answer: brain cells become atrophic and endocrine dependent organs,
i.e. gonads shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases (chronic kidney
disease also associated with atrophy)
⩥ Hypertrophy (cellular adaptation).
Answer: increase size (may be adaptive), skeletal and cardiac muscles
(work-related),
⩥ Examples of hypertrophy.
Answer: cell growth of remaining kidney after removal of diseased
kidney, or increase growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy
⩥ Mechanical stimuli.
Answer: stretch of heart or skeletal muscle or smooth muscle of uterus
⩥ Trophic signals.
,Answer: growth factors, hormones (may be adaptive i.e. physiological or
pathological)
⩥ Pathological hypertrophy.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to increased workload (valve
dysfunction or uncontrolled hypertension)
⩥ Agromegaly.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to excess growth hormone
⩥ Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase number of cells relative to increased rate of cellular
division (not size of cells)
⩥ What does hyperplasia allow.
Answer: Compensatory allows organs to regenerate (i.e. 70% of liver),
adaptive mechanism
⩥ Hormal hyperplasia.
Answer: i.e. estrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to grown in
preparation for possible pg
⩥ Pathologic hyperplasia.
, Answer: abnormal cell proliferation of normal cells usually in response
to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells
⩥ Neoplasm.
Answer: can be benign or malignant growth of tissue (i.e. polyps in
colon)
⩥ Pathologic hyperplasia common in.
Answer: endometrium, and prostate, if hormone imbalance correction
hyperplasia regresses
⩥ metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell type
⩥ Metaplasia in respiratory tract.
Answer: replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the bronchi
with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking) Stratified
squamous do not secrete mucous or have cilia. Reversible if stimulus
removed i.e. smoking. Strong association with progression to esophageal
cancer
⩥ Dysplasia.
Answer: atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in size, shape, number
and organization of the cells
UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CANADIAN EDITION SECOND EDITION
KELLY POWER KEAN VERIFIED CHAPTERS
ONE THROUGH FORTY TWO COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Harmful alterations.
Answer: pathological
⩥ Cellular Adaptation.
Answer: escape and protection from injury, not all cell changes bad,
often good
⩥ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease, shrinkage in cell size usually involves heart, skeletal
muscles, primary or secondary sex organs (ovaries or uterus), and brain
⩥ Physiologic atrophy.
Answer: thymus gland in children
⩥ Pathologic atrophy.
,Answer: occurs as a result of a decrease in workload, pressure use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system simulation
⩥ Disuse atrophy.
Answer: skeletal muscle caused by immobilized in bed for prolonged
time
⩥ Atrophy with aging.
Answer: brain cells become atrophic and endocrine dependent organs,
i.e. gonads shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases (chronic kidney
disease also associated with atrophy)
⩥ Hypertrophy (cellular adaptation).
Answer: increase size (may be adaptive), skeletal and cardiac muscles
(work-related),
⩥ Examples of hypertrophy.
Answer: cell growth of remaining kidney after removal of diseased
kidney, or increase growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy
⩥ Mechanical stimuli.
Answer: stretch of heart or skeletal muscle or smooth muscle of uterus
⩥ Trophic signals.
,Answer: growth factors, hormones (may be adaptive i.e. physiological or
pathological)
⩥ Pathological hypertrophy.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to increased workload (valve
dysfunction or uncontrolled hypertension)
⩥ Agromegaly.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to excess growth hormone
⩥ Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase number of cells relative to increased rate of cellular
division (not size of cells)
⩥ What does hyperplasia allow.
Answer: Compensatory allows organs to regenerate (i.e. 70% of liver),
adaptive mechanism
⩥ Hormal hyperplasia.
Answer: i.e. estrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to grown in
preparation for possible pg
⩥ Pathologic hyperplasia.
, Answer: abnormal cell proliferation of normal cells usually in response
to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells
⩥ Neoplasm.
Answer: can be benign or malignant growth of tissue (i.e. polyps in
colon)
⩥ Pathologic hyperplasia common in.
Answer: endometrium, and prostate, if hormone imbalance correction
hyperplasia regresses
⩥ metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell type
⩥ Metaplasia in respiratory tract.
Answer: replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the bronchi
with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking) Stratified
squamous do not secrete mucous or have cilia. Reversible if stimulus
removed i.e. smoking. Strong association with progression to esophageal
cancer
⩥ Dysplasia.
Answer: atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in size, shape, number
and organization of the cells
