HNG 540 TEST BANK COMPLETE SOLVED
QUESTIONS EXPERT REVIEW FULL
SOLUTION
●● Pharmacokinetics
Answer: what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion)
●● Drug-Receptor Interactions
Answer: Most drugs work by binding to receptors.
Receptors are located on the cell surface.
The drug molecule must "fit" into the receptor.
Like a lock and key mechanism
●● Drug-Receptor Binding
Answer: Drug-receptor binding is reversible.
Other substances can "un-bind" a drug, leaving more free drug to
circulate
Drug-receptor binding is selective.
Drug-receptor binding is graded.
The more receptors filled, the greater the pharmacological response.
,Drugs that bind to receptors may be agonists (enhances the activity of
the cell), partial agonists, or antagonistic (interferes with activity of the
cell)
●● How Drug Dose Is Determined
Answer: Dose-response relationship
Therapeutic index
Plasma level profile
Half life
Bioavailability
●● drug dose relationship
Answer: Dose-response curve: depicts the relation between drug dose
and magnitude of effect
Doses below the curve do not produce a pharmacological response.
Doses above the curve do not produce much additional pharmacological
response.
May have unwanted effects → toxicity
●● Drug bioavailability
Answer: Percentage of drug that is absorbed and available to reach the
target tissues
By definition, when a medication is administered IV, its bioavailability
is 100%.
, When a medication is administered via other routes (e.g., PO), its
bioavailability decreases due to incomplete absorption and first-pass
metabolism.
●● first pass metabolism
Answer: Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug
before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug has
been taken orally.
●● Half-life of a medication
Answer: the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated.
Liver and kidney disease, aging, absence of food, and slowed metabolic
rate prolong half-life because of their effects on metabolism and
excretion.
helps determine how often the medication is to be administered
●● steady state
Answer: The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via
elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.
It usually takes 4 to 5 ½ half-lives [t ½ ] to get to steady state blood
levels.
- Loading dose (for drugs with very long half lives)
It takes 4 to 5 ½ lives to totally eliminate a drug from the body.
QUESTIONS EXPERT REVIEW FULL
SOLUTION
●● Pharmacokinetics
Answer: what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion)
●● Drug-Receptor Interactions
Answer: Most drugs work by binding to receptors.
Receptors are located on the cell surface.
The drug molecule must "fit" into the receptor.
Like a lock and key mechanism
●● Drug-Receptor Binding
Answer: Drug-receptor binding is reversible.
Other substances can "un-bind" a drug, leaving more free drug to
circulate
Drug-receptor binding is selective.
Drug-receptor binding is graded.
The more receptors filled, the greater the pharmacological response.
,Drugs that bind to receptors may be agonists (enhances the activity of
the cell), partial agonists, or antagonistic (interferes with activity of the
cell)
●● How Drug Dose Is Determined
Answer: Dose-response relationship
Therapeutic index
Plasma level profile
Half life
Bioavailability
●● drug dose relationship
Answer: Dose-response curve: depicts the relation between drug dose
and magnitude of effect
Doses below the curve do not produce a pharmacological response.
Doses above the curve do not produce much additional pharmacological
response.
May have unwanted effects → toxicity
●● Drug bioavailability
Answer: Percentage of drug that is absorbed and available to reach the
target tissues
By definition, when a medication is administered IV, its bioavailability
is 100%.
, When a medication is administered via other routes (e.g., PO), its
bioavailability decreases due to incomplete absorption and first-pass
metabolism.
●● first pass metabolism
Answer: Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug
before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug has
been taken orally.
●● Half-life of a medication
Answer: the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated.
Liver and kidney disease, aging, absence of food, and slowed metabolic
rate prolong half-life because of their effects on metabolism and
excretion.
helps determine how often the medication is to be administered
●● steady state
Answer: The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via
elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.
It usually takes 4 to 5 ½ half-lives [t ½ ] to get to steady state blood
levels.
- Loading dose (for drugs with very long half lives)
It takes 4 to 5 ½ lives to totally eliminate a drug from the body.
