Physical Chemistry:
Comprehensive
Concepts,
Thermodynamics,
Kinetics & Exam Study
Guide
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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Rationales
Included
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Terms in this set (60)
Explain why there is a general increase in first ionisation 1) electrons are added to the same shell/have same shielding
energies across the Period from sodium to argon. (3) 2) electrons are subject to increasing nuclear charge/proton number
3) electrons are closer to the nucleus or atom gets smaller
Explain why the first ionisation energy of magnesium is 1) in Mg outermost electron is in 3s and in Al outermost electron is in 3p
greater than that of aluminium. (2) 2) 3p electron is at higher energy OR is further away from the nucleus OR is
more shielded from the nucleus
Explain why the first ionisation energy of phosphorus is for sulfur, one 3p orbital has paired electrons and for phosphorus, its 3p sub-
greater than that of sulfur. (2) shell is singly filled, paired electrons repel (spin-pair repulsion)
how to find molecular formula from empirical formula divide Mr by empirical formula mass, multiply the empirical formula by this
value
ammonium ion NH₄⁺
phosphate ion PO₄³⁻
sulfate ion SO₄²⁻
nitrite ion NO₂⁻
nitrate ion NO₃⁻
- sp2, 120
- dative bonding with 1 oxygen
carbonate ion CO₃²⁻
sulfite ion SO₃²⁻
atomic orbital a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
Comprehensive
Concepts,
Thermodynamics,
Kinetics & Exam Study
Guide
| Guaranteed success|
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales
Included
, Don't know?
Terms in this set (60)
Explain why there is a general increase in first ionisation 1) electrons are added to the same shell/have same shielding
energies across the Period from sodium to argon. (3) 2) electrons are subject to increasing nuclear charge/proton number
3) electrons are closer to the nucleus or atom gets smaller
Explain why the first ionisation energy of magnesium is 1) in Mg outermost electron is in 3s and in Al outermost electron is in 3p
greater than that of aluminium. (2) 2) 3p electron is at higher energy OR is further away from the nucleus OR is
more shielded from the nucleus
Explain why the first ionisation energy of phosphorus is for sulfur, one 3p orbital has paired electrons and for phosphorus, its 3p sub-
greater than that of sulfur. (2) shell is singly filled, paired electrons repel (spin-pair repulsion)
how to find molecular formula from empirical formula divide Mr by empirical formula mass, multiply the empirical formula by this
value
ammonium ion NH₄⁺
phosphate ion PO₄³⁻
sulfate ion SO₄²⁻
nitrite ion NO₂⁻
nitrate ion NO₃⁻
- sp2, 120
- dative bonding with 1 oxygen
carbonate ion CO₃²⁻
sulfite ion SO₃²⁻
atomic orbital a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
