Reactions, Mechanisms &
Reagents Study Guide
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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Rationales
Included
, Electrophilic addition of halogens (aq)
RnC: Br2(aq) / Cl2(aq), room temperature
Electrophilic addition of water/steam
RnC:
Method 1:
Steam; H3PO4 catalyst
High temperature and pressures
Method 2: concentrated H2SO4, cold, followed by
H2O
Mild Oxidation
RnC: KMnO4 (aq), dilute NaOH, cold
Strong oxidation/Oxidative cleavage
RnC: KMnO4(aq), dilute H2SO4, heat
Reduction
RnC: H2 gas; Ni catalyst
Room temperature and high pressure
Platinum/palladium catalyst as room temperature and
pressure can also be used for this reduction.
Electrophilic substitution with chlorine or bromine
RnC: X2(g), anhydrous FeX3(s), warm
or
X2(g/l), anhydrous Fe(s), warm
X is Cl or Br respectively
AlX3 or Al can be used
Electrophilic substitution with concentrated nitric acid
(nitration)
RnC: Concentrated HNO3, Concentrated H2SO4, 55°C
(heat also accepted)
Electrophilic substitution with halogenoalkanes
(Friedel-Crafts alkylation)
RnC: suitable chloroalkane, anhydrous AlCl3, warm