NSG 3100 EXAM 3 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
• What is enuresis? -✓✓ Involuntary urination in children beyond the age when
normal bladder control is established
• What is secondary enuresis? -✓✓ Child who has established proper bladder
control for a period of 6 months, but who has since lapsed back to wetting the bed
• What factors may cause secondary enuresis? (4) -✓✓ 1. Constipation
2. Stress
3. Illness
4. Poor daytime voiding habits
• A decrease in kidney function puts the patient at risk for what? -✓✓ Toxicity
from medication if excretion rates are longer
• The most noticeable changes with age are related to what? -✓✓ Bladder (urgency
& frequency)
• What causes changes in urinary urgency & frequency in men? -✓✓ Enlarged
prostate gland
• What causes changes in urinary urgency & frequency in women? -✓✓ Weakened
muscles supporting the bladder and of the urethral sphincter after menopause
(results from decreased estrogen levels)
,• What interventions could be done to help the patient have more consistent
urination? (5) -✓✓ 1. Medications
2. Surgery
3. Behavioral training
4. Safe/easy access to bathroom
5. Habit training (scheduled time)
• Urinary habits depend on what? (3) -✓✓ 1. Social cultural
2. Personal habits
3. Physical abilities
• Which factors affect urination? (7) -✓✓ 1. Developmental
2. Psychosocial
3. Fluid & food intake
4. Medications
5. Muscle tone
6. Pathologic conditions
7. Surgical & diagnostic procedures
• Urinary elimination is affected by what? (5) -✓✓ 1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra
5. Pelvic floor
,• How do medications affect urination? -✓✓ 1. Meds affecting ANS cause
retention
2. Diuretics increase urine formation by preventing reabsorption of water &
electrolytes
• How does muscle tone affect urination? -✓✓ Muscle tone is needed to maintain
the stretch & contractility of the detrusor muscle so the bladder can fill & empty
completely
• What is the difference between stress & urge incontinence? -✓✓ Stress: loss of
urine control during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (coughing,
sneezing, laughing, or exercise)
Urge: a sudden strong urge to void, followed by a rapid bladder contraction
• What is overflow incontinence? -✓✓ Inability to empty bladder completely,
resulting in a constant dribbling of urine or frequency in urination
• How does alcohol increase urination? -✓✓ Inhibits the production of ADH
• What is the average daily fluid output for an adult? (mL) -✓✓ 1,400-1,500 mL
• What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? (mL) -✓✓ 1,200-1,500 mL
• How much fluid are adults SUPPOSED to intake? (mL) -✓✓ 2,500 mL
, • What is insensible fluid loss? -✓✓ The amount of fluid lost on a daily basis from
the lungs, skin, respiratory tract, and water excreted in the feces; the exact amount
cannot be measured
• What is obligatory water loss? -✓✓ Fluid loss that is required to maintain normal
body function; necessary for temp regulation and elimination of waste products
• How much fluid is lost through obligatory losses daily? (mL) -✓✓ 1,300 mL
• How often do infants urinate a day? -✓✓ Around 20 times
• How often does a school-aged child urinate? -✓✓ 6-8 times a day
• How does ADH increase water reabsorption into the blood? (5) -✓✓ 1. Blood
osmolality increases
2. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulate posterior pituitary to secrete ADH
3. ADH increases distal tubule permeability
4. Increase of water reabsorption of H2O
5. Urine output decreases
• How does ADH decrease water reabsorption into the blood? -✓✓ 1. Blood
osmolality decreases
2. ADH is
3. ADH causes distal tubule to become less permeable to water
4. Decrease of water reabsorption of H2O
5. Urine output increases
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
• What is enuresis? -✓✓ Involuntary urination in children beyond the age when
normal bladder control is established
• What is secondary enuresis? -✓✓ Child who has established proper bladder
control for a period of 6 months, but who has since lapsed back to wetting the bed
• What factors may cause secondary enuresis? (4) -✓✓ 1. Constipation
2. Stress
3. Illness
4. Poor daytime voiding habits
• A decrease in kidney function puts the patient at risk for what? -✓✓ Toxicity
from medication if excretion rates are longer
• The most noticeable changes with age are related to what? -✓✓ Bladder (urgency
& frequency)
• What causes changes in urinary urgency & frequency in men? -✓✓ Enlarged
prostate gland
• What causes changes in urinary urgency & frequency in women? -✓✓ Weakened
muscles supporting the bladder and of the urethral sphincter after menopause
(results from decreased estrogen levels)
,• What interventions could be done to help the patient have more consistent
urination? (5) -✓✓ 1. Medications
2. Surgery
3. Behavioral training
4. Safe/easy access to bathroom
5. Habit training (scheduled time)
• Urinary habits depend on what? (3) -✓✓ 1. Social cultural
2. Personal habits
3. Physical abilities
• Which factors affect urination? (7) -✓✓ 1. Developmental
2. Psychosocial
3. Fluid & food intake
4. Medications
5. Muscle tone
6. Pathologic conditions
7. Surgical & diagnostic procedures
• Urinary elimination is affected by what? (5) -✓✓ 1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra
5. Pelvic floor
,• How do medications affect urination? -✓✓ 1. Meds affecting ANS cause
retention
2. Diuretics increase urine formation by preventing reabsorption of water &
electrolytes
• How does muscle tone affect urination? -✓✓ Muscle tone is needed to maintain
the stretch & contractility of the detrusor muscle so the bladder can fill & empty
completely
• What is the difference between stress & urge incontinence? -✓✓ Stress: loss of
urine control during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (coughing,
sneezing, laughing, or exercise)
Urge: a sudden strong urge to void, followed by a rapid bladder contraction
• What is overflow incontinence? -✓✓ Inability to empty bladder completely,
resulting in a constant dribbling of urine or frequency in urination
• How does alcohol increase urination? -✓✓ Inhibits the production of ADH
• What is the average daily fluid output for an adult? (mL) -✓✓ 1,400-1,500 mL
• What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? (mL) -✓✓ 1,200-1,500 mL
• How much fluid are adults SUPPOSED to intake? (mL) -✓✓ 2,500 mL
, • What is insensible fluid loss? -✓✓ The amount of fluid lost on a daily basis from
the lungs, skin, respiratory tract, and water excreted in the feces; the exact amount
cannot be measured
• What is obligatory water loss? -✓✓ Fluid loss that is required to maintain normal
body function; necessary for temp regulation and elimination of waste products
• How much fluid is lost through obligatory losses daily? (mL) -✓✓ 1,300 mL
• How often do infants urinate a day? -✓✓ Around 20 times
• How often does a school-aged child urinate? -✓✓ 6-8 times a day
• How does ADH increase water reabsorption into the blood? (5) -✓✓ 1. Blood
osmolality increases
2. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulate posterior pituitary to secrete ADH
3. ADH increases distal tubule permeability
4. Increase of water reabsorption of H2O
5. Urine output decreases
• How does ADH decrease water reabsorption into the blood? -✓✓ 1. Blood
osmolality decreases
2. ADH is
3. ADH causes distal tubule to become less permeable to water
4. Decrease of water reabsorption of H2O
5. Urine output increases
