BIOD 151 Essential Human Anatomy &
Physiology I
Module 6 Master Exam Guide The Endocrine
System 150 Questions correct answers and
rationales
1. Module Overview
Comprehensive coverage of endocrine glands, structural biochemistry, water vs. lipid solubility
mechanics, second-messenger cascades, hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract lines, and target organ
homeostatic feedback networks.
2. Complete Question Bank (150 Questions,Answer and rationales)
Question 1: [1] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 2: [2] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target cell
membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
Physiological Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipophilic derivatives of cholesterol. They easily cross
the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interact directly with intracellular receptors to initiate gene
transcription and protein synthesis, unlike water-soluble peptide hormones which require secondary
messengers.
Question 3: [3] What specific secondary messenger pathway is activated when epinephrine binds to
beta-adrenergic receptors?
Correct Answer: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) pathway
, Physiological Rationale: Binding activates a G-protein, which stimulates adenylate cyclase to
convert ATP into cAMP. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to activate protein kinase A, triggering
the intracellular cascade.
Question 4: [4] Which cell type within the pancreatic islets is responsible for the synthesis and secretion
of glucagon?
Correct Answer: Alpha cells
Physiological Rationale: Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels,
initiating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver to elevate circulating blood sugar. Beta
cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
Question 5: [5] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 6: [6] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target cell
membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
Physiological Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipophilic derivatives of cholesterol. They easily cross
the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interact directly with intracellular receptors to initiate gene
transcription and protein synthesis, unlike water-soluble peptide hormones which require secondary
messengers.
Question 7: [7] What specific secondary messenger pathway is activated when epinephrine binds to
beta-adrenergic receptors?
Correct Answer: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) pathway
Physiological Rationale: Binding activates a G-protein, which stimulates adenylate cyclase to
convert ATP into cAMP. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to activate protein kinase A, triggering
the intracellular cascade.
Question 8: [8] Which cell type within the pancreatic islets is responsible for the synthesis and secretion
of glucagon?
Correct Answer: Alpha cells
Physiological Rationale: Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels,
initiating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver to elevate circulating blood sugar. Beta
cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
, Question 9: [9] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 10: [10] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target
cell membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
Physiological Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipophilic derivatives of cholesterol. They easily cross
the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interact directly with intracellular receptors to initiate gene
transcription and protein synthesis, unlike water-soluble peptide hormones which require secondary
messengers.
Question 11: [11] What specific secondary messenger pathway is activated when epinephrine binds to
beta-adrenergic receptors?
Correct Answer: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) pathway
Physiological Rationale: Binding activates a G-protein, which stimulates adenylate cyclase to
convert ATP into cAMP. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to activate protein kinase A, triggering
the intracellular cascade.
Question 12: [12] Which cell type within the pancreatic islets is responsible for the synthesis and
secretion of glucagon?
Correct Answer: Alpha cells
Physiological Rationale: Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels,
initiating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver to elevate circulating blood sugar. Beta
cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
Question 13: [13] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 14: [14] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target
cell membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
Physiology I
Module 6 Master Exam Guide The Endocrine
System 150 Questions correct answers and
rationales
1. Module Overview
Comprehensive coverage of endocrine glands, structural biochemistry, water vs. lipid solubility
mechanics, second-messenger cascades, hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract lines, and target organ
homeostatic feedback networks.
2. Complete Question Bank (150 Questions,Answer and rationales)
Question 1: [1] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 2: [2] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target cell
membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
Physiological Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipophilic derivatives of cholesterol. They easily cross
the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interact directly with intracellular receptors to initiate gene
transcription and protein synthesis, unlike water-soluble peptide hormones which require secondary
messengers.
Question 3: [3] What specific secondary messenger pathway is activated when epinephrine binds to
beta-adrenergic receptors?
Correct Answer: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) pathway
, Physiological Rationale: Binding activates a G-protein, which stimulates adenylate cyclase to
convert ATP into cAMP. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to activate protein kinase A, triggering
the intracellular cascade.
Question 4: [4] Which cell type within the pancreatic islets is responsible for the synthesis and secretion
of glucagon?
Correct Answer: Alpha cells
Physiological Rationale: Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels,
initiating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver to elevate circulating blood sugar. Beta
cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
Question 5: [5] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 6: [6] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target cell
membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
Physiological Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipophilic derivatives of cholesterol. They easily cross
the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interact directly with intracellular receptors to initiate gene
transcription and protein synthesis, unlike water-soluble peptide hormones which require secondary
messengers.
Question 7: [7] What specific secondary messenger pathway is activated when epinephrine binds to
beta-adrenergic receptors?
Correct Answer: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) pathway
Physiological Rationale: Binding activates a G-protein, which stimulates adenylate cyclase to
convert ATP into cAMP. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to activate protein kinase A, triggering
the intracellular cascade.
Question 8: [8] Which cell type within the pancreatic islets is responsible for the synthesis and secretion
of glucagon?
Correct Answer: Alpha cells
Physiological Rationale: Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels,
initiating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver to elevate circulating blood sugar. Beta
cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
, Question 9: [9] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 10: [10] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target
cell membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
Physiological Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipophilic derivatives of cholesterol. They easily cross
the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and interact directly with intracellular receptors to initiate gene
transcription and protein synthesis, unlike water-soluble peptide hormones which require secondary
messengers.
Question 11: [11] What specific secondary messenger pathway is activated when epinephrine binds to
beta-adrenergic receptors?
Correct Answer: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) pathway
Physiological Rationale: Binding activates a G-protein, which stimulates adenylate cyclase to
convert ATP into cAMP. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger to activate protein kinase A, triggering
the intracellular cascade.
Question 12: [12] Which cell type within the pancreatic islets is responsible for the synthesis and
secretion of glucagon?
Correct Answer: Alpha cells
Physiological Rationale: Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels,
initiating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver to elevate circulating blood sugar. Beta
cells secrete insulin, and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
Question 13: [13] What structural division of the pituitary gland synthesized and secretes its own
hormones rather than storing hypothalamic products?
Correct Answer: Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
Physiological Rationale: The adenohypophysis contains glandular epithelial tissue that
manufactures tropic hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH under control of hypothalamic releasing
hormones. In contrast, the neurohypophysis only stores and releases oxytocin and ADH synthesized
in the hypothalamus.
Question 14: [14] Which lipid-soluble hormone mechanism involves passing directly through the target
cell membrane to bind to intracellular or nuclear receptors?
Correct Answer: Steroid hormones
