NR 293 EXAM 1 EXAM PREPARATION PACK
2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ Antithyroid Drugs - Adverse Effects
Answer: - LIVER AND BONE MARROW TOXICITY IS THE MOST
DAMAGING/SERIOUS EFFECT
◉ Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Answer: Thioamide antithyroid
- 2 WEEKS OF THERAPY MAY BE NECESSARY BEFORE SYMPTOMS
IMPROVE
◉ Who should have caution when using antithyroid drugs?
Answer: - Those with cardiac disease or hypertension
- PREGNANT WOMEN
◉ Should you take antithyroid hormones early or later in the day?
Answer: Take them earlier, as they can cause INSOMNIA
◉ Antithyroid Drugs - Nursing Implications
Answer: - Teach the patient to REPORT ANY UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS,
CHEST PAIN, OR HEART PALPATIONS
,- MAY ENHANCE ACTIVITY OF ANTICOAGULANTS
- DIABETICS MAY NEED INCREASED DOSES OF HYPOGLYCEMIC
MEDS
- MAY DECREASE SERUM DIGOXIN LEVELS
◉ Pregnancy during treatment of Hypothyroidism
Answer: - DURING PREGNANCY, TREATMENT SHOULD CONTINUE
- Fetal growth may be retarded if maternal hypothyroidism is
untreated during pregnancy
- Adjust DOSAGE EVERY 4 WEEKS TO KEEP TSH AT THE LOWER
END OF THE NORMAL RANGE
◉ Thyroid Crisis (Thyroid Storm)
Answer: Exacerbation of hyperthyroidism is POTENTIALLY LIFE
THREATENING
- Caused by stress or infection
◉ In regards to food, what should be avoided with antithyroid
medications?
,Answer: - AVOID EATING FOOD HIGH IN IODINE (seafood, soy sauce,
tofu, and iodized salt)
- BETTER TOLERATED WHEN TAKEN WITH FOOD
- NEVER STOP MEDS ABRUPTLY
◉ Pancreas
Answer: Located behind stomach
- Both exocrine and endocrine gland
- GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS (INSULIN AND GLUCAGON)
◉ Glucogen
Answer: STORING GLUCOSE
- stored in liver and skeletal muscle tissue
◉ Glycogenolysis
Answer: USING GLUCOSE
- conversion of glycogen into glucose as needed
◉ Insulin
Answer: INSULIN IS ANABOLIC
, - Direct effect on fat metabolism
- PROMOTES INTRACELLULAR SHIFT OF POTASSIUM AND
MAGNESIUM INTO THE CELLS
- Cortisol, epinephrine, and GH work with glucagon to counter the
effects of insulin
◉ Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: Group of progressive disease
Two types:
- Type 1 (10%)
- Type 2 (90%)
◉ What are some signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: - ELEVATED FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL (higher than
126 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1C level greater than or equal to 6.5%)
- POLYURIA
- POLYDYPSIA
- POLYPHAGIA
- GLYCOSURIA
2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ Antithyroid Drugs - Adverse Effects
Answer: - LIVER AND BONE MARROW TOXICITY IS THE MOST
DAMAGING/SERIOUS EFFECT
◉ Propylthiouracil (PTU)
Answer: Thioamide antithyroid
- 2 WEEKS OF THERAPY MAY BE NECESSARY BEFORE SYMPTOMS
IMPROVE
◉ Who should have caution when using antithyroid drugs?
Answer: - Those with cardiac disease or hypertension
- PREGNANT WOMEN
◉ Should you take antithyroid hormones early or later in the day?
Answer: Take them earlier, as they can cause INSOMNIA
◉ Antithyroid Drugs - Nursing Implications
Answer: - Teach the patient to REPORT ANY UNUSUAL SYMPTOMS,
CHEST PAIN, OR HEART PALPATIONS
,- MAY ENHANCE ACTIVITY OF ANTICOAGULANTS
- DIABETICS MAY NEED INCREASED DOSES OF HYPOGLYCEMIC
MEDS
- MAY DECREASE SERUM DIGOXIN LEVELS
◉ Pregnancy during treatment of Hypothyroidism
Answer: - DURING PREGNANCY, TREATMENT SHOULD CONTINUE
- Fetal growth may be retarded if maternal hypothyroidism is
untreated during pregnancy
- Adjust DOSAGE EVERY 4 WEEKS TO KEEP TSH AT THE LOWER
END OF THE NORMAL RANGE
◉ Thyroid Crisis (Thyroid Storm)
Answer: Exacerbation of hyperthyroidism is POTENTIALLY LIFE
THREATENING
- Caused by stress or infection
◉ In regards to food, what should be avoided with antithyroid
medications?
,Answer: - AVOID EATING FOOD HIGH IN IODINE (seafood, soy sauce,
tofu, and iodized salt)
- BETTER TOLERATED WHEN TAKEN WITH FOOD
- NEVER STOP MEDS ABRUPTLY
◉ Pancreas
Answer: Located behind stomach
- Both exocrine and endocrine gland
- GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS (INSULIN AND GLUCAGON)
◉ Glucogen
Answer: STORING GLUCOSE
- stored in liver and skeletal muscle tissue
◉ Glycogenolysis
Answer: USING GLUCOSE
- conversion of glycogen into glucose as needed
◉ Insulin
Answer: INSULIN IS ANABOLIC
, - Direct effect on fat metabolism
- PROMOTES INTRACELLULAR SHIFT OF POTASSIUM AND
MAGNESIUM INTO THE CELLS
- Cortisol, epinephrine, and GH work with glucagon to counter the
effects of insulin
◉ Diabetes Mellitus
Answer: Group of progressive disease
Two types:
- Type 1 (10%)
- Type 2 (90%)
◉ What are some signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: - ELEVATED FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL (higher than
126 mg/dL or hemoglobin A1C level greater than or equal to 6.5%)
- POLYURIA
- POLYDYPSIA
- POLYPHAGIA
- GLYCOSURIA
