NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Residual volume. Answer: volume of air remaining in lungs after
maximum respiration
●● vital capacity. Answer: maximal amount of air that can be moved in
and out of the lungs with a single forced inspiration and expiration
●● Where are the primary control centers for breathing?. Answer:
medulla and pons
●● Where are the central and peripheral chemoreceptors located?.
Answer: Central= medulla
Peripheral= carotid bodies
●● Hypercapnia. Answer: -carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase,
CO2 easily diffuses into cerebral spinal fluid
-lowers pH and stimulates respiratory center
-causes hyperventilation
-causes respiratory acidosis because the nervous system is depressed
, ●● Hypoxemia. Answer: -decrease in oxygen
-chemoreceptors respond
-important for people with chronic lung disease (hypoxic drive)
●● Hypoxic drive. Answer: when the body uses oxygen chemoreceptors
instead of CO2 receptors to regulate the respiratory cycle
●● Hypocapnia. Answer: -low carbon dioxide concentration
-could be caused by hyperventilation
-causes respiratory alkalosis
●● Dalton's Law. Answer: each gas in a mixture moves along its partial
pressure gradient independent of other gases
●● Sinusitis. Answer: -Bacterial infection
-secondary to a cold or allergy that obstructs drainage of 1 or more
paranasal sinuses
-pressure in the sinus cavity builds up causing pain in facial bone
-fever, congestion, sore throat
●● Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup). Answer: -viral infection
-common in children between 1-2
-parainfluenza and adenovirus can cause it
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Residual volume. Answer: volume of air remaining in lungs after
maximum respiration
●● vital capacity. Answer: maximal amount of air that can be moved in
and out of the lungs with a single forced inspiration and expiration
●● Where are the primary control centers for breathing?. Answer:
medulla and pons
●● Where are the central and peripheral chemoreceptors located?.
Answer: Central= medulla
Peripheral= carotid bodies
●● Hypercapnia. Answer: -carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase,
CO2 easily diffuses into cerebral spinal fluid
-lowers pH and stimulates respiratory center
-causes hyperventilation
-causes respiratory acidosis because the nervous system is depressed
, ●● Hypoxemia. Answer: -decrease in oxygen
-chemoreceptors respond
-important for people with chronic lung disease (hypoxic drive)
●● Hypoxic drive. Answer: when the body uses oxygen chemoreceptors
instead of CO2 receptors to regulate the respiratory cycle
●● Hypocapnia. Answer: -low carbon dioxide concentration
-could be caused by hyperventilation
-causes respiratory alkalosis
●● Dalton's Law. Answer: each gas in a mixture moves along its partial
pressure gradient independent of other gases
●● Sinusitis. Answer: -Bacterial infection
-secondary to a cold or allergy that obstructs drainage of 1 or more
paranasal sinuses
-pressure in the sinus cavity builds up causing pain in facial bone
-fever, congestion, sore throat
●● Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup). Answer: -viral infection
-common in children between 1-2
-parainfluenza and adenovirus can cause it
