NR 283 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
TEST 2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ What is the goal of perfusion?.
Answer: To flood the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and
nutrients
◉ Central perfusion.
Answer: targets vital organs
◉ Tissue perfusion.
Answer: targets the skin and local areas
◉ myocardial perfusion.
Answer: targets the heart
◉ cerebral perfusion.
Answer: targets the brain
,◉ cardiac output.
Answer: Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
CO= heart rate (per minute) x stroke volume (force of heart squeeze)
◉ good cardiac output.
Answer: 4-8 liters per minute
◉ preload.
Answer: stretch: Volume of blood received by the heart (left
ventricle)
Increasing circulating volume (fluids, Blood transfusions) increases
preload and stroke volume and increases cardiac output
◉ afterload.
Answer: squeeze: Pressure or resistance the heart has to overcome
to eject blood
HTN increases afterload and increases cardiac stroke volume
◉ how to measure cardiac output.
Answer: blood pressure, skin color, capillary refill, color around the
lips, alertness
, ◉ Left sided heart failure.
Answer: causes: MI in left ventricle, hypertension (increased
afterload), increased volume (from preload)
effects in the LUNGS: cough, frothy sputum, dyspnea, orthopnea,
lung crackles, fatigue, increased urine output
◉ Right sided heart failure.
Answer: causes: MI in right ventricle, COPD (causes increase in
pulmonary pressure)
effects in the HEAD or BODY: flushed face, jugular vein distention,
headache, dyspnea, edema, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cold
intolerance
◉ what can happen if perfusion is poor?.
Answer: cellular death, infarction, hypoxia, hypoxemia, necrosis,
ischemia
◉ what causes bad perfusion?.
Answer: myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, artherosclerosis,
blood clot, dyslipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension,
obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle
TEST 2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ What is the goal of perfusion?.
Answer: To flood the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and
nutrients
◉ Central perfusion.
Answer: targets vital organs
◉ Tissue perfusion.
Answer: targets the skin and local areas
◉ myocardial perfusion.
Answer: targets the heart
◉ cerebral perfusion.
Answer: targets the brain
,◉ cardiac output.
Answer: Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
CO= heart rate (per minute) x stroke volume (force of heart squeeze)
◉ good cardiac output.
Answer: 4-8 liters per minute
◉ preload.
Answer: stretch: Volume of blood received by the heart (left
ventricle)
Increasing circulating volume (fluids, Blood transfusions) increases
preload and stroke volume and increases cardiac output
◉ afterload.
Answer: squeeze: Pressure or resistance the heart has to overcome
to eject blood
HTN increases afterload and increases cardiac stroke volume
◉ how to measure cardiac output.
Answer: blood pressure, skin color, capillary refill, color around the
lips, alertness
, ◉ Left sided heart failure.
Answer: causes: MI in left ventricle, hypertension (increased
afterload), increased volume (from preload)
effects in the LUNGS: cough, frothy sputum, dyspnea, orthopnea,
lung crackles, fatigue, increased urine output
◉ Right sided heart failure.
Answer: causes: MI in right ventricle, COPD (causes increase in
pulmonary pressure)
effects in the HEAD or BODY: flushed face, jugular vein distention,
headache, dyspnea, edema, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cold
intolerance
◉ what can happen if perfusion is poor?.
Answer: cellular death, infarction, hypoxia, hypoxemia, necrosis,
ischemia
◉ what causes bad perfusion?.
Answer: myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, artherosclerosis,
blood clot, dyslipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension,
obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle
