NUR 202 FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE TEST
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS AND
RATIONALES
◉ Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration. Requires no energy. Occurs in liquids, solids, and gases
◉ Facilitated Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from high
to low concentration without energy
◉ Active transport. Answer: Process of which molecules move
against concentration gradient
Example: Sodium-potassium pump
External energy required
◉ Osmosis. Answer: Movement of water between two compartments
by a membrane permeable to water but not solute
Moves from low solute to high solute concentration
Requires no energy
◉ Osmotic pressure. Answer: Amount of press required to stop
osmotic flow of water
Determined by the concentration of solutes in solution (sodium &
glucose)
◉ Oncotic Pressure. Answer: Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in
solution. Protein is a major colloid.
, ◉ What are three substances that primarily determine water
movement in the body?. Answer: Protein, glucose, and sodium
◉ Edema. Answer: Caused by an accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial space, occurs if venous hydrostatic pressure rises, plasma
oncotic pressure decreases, or interstitial oncotic pressure rises.
◉ Decrease plasma oncotic pressure. Answer: Fluid remains in the
interstitial space if the plasma oncotic pressure is too low to draw
back into the capillary. Low plasma protein content decreases oncotic
pressure. This can result from excessive protein loss (renal disorders),
deficient protein synthesis (liver disease) and deficient protein intake
(malnutrition)
◉ Elevation of venous hydrostatic pressure. Answer: Increasing the
pressure at the venous end of the capillary inhibits fluid movement
back into the capillary, which results in edema. Causes include: fluid
overload, HF, liver failure, obstruction of venous return to the heart...
ect.
◉ Elevation of Interstitial oncotic pressure. Answer: Trauma, burns,
and inflammation can damage capillary walls and allow plasma
proteins to accumulate in the interstitial space. This increases
interstitial oncotic pressure draws fluid into the interstitial space, and
holds it there.
◉ Shifts of interstitial fluid to plasma. Answer: An increase in the
plasma osmotic or oncotic pressure draws fluid into the plasma from
the interstitial space. This could happen with administration of
colloids, dextran, mannitol, or hypertonic solutions. Increasing the
tissue hydrostatic pressure is another way of causing a shift of fluid
into plasma.
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS AND
RATIONALES
◉ Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration. Requires no energy. Occurs in liquids, solids, and gases
◉ Facilitated Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from high
to low concentration without energy
◉ Active transport. Answer: Process of which molecules move
against concentration gradient
Example: Sodium-potassium pump
External energy required
◉ Osmosis. Answer: Movement of water between two compartments
by a membrane permeable to water but not solute
Moves from low solute to high solute concentration
Requires no energy
◉ Osmotic pressure. Answer: Amount of press required to stop
osmotic flow of water
Determined by the concentration of solutes in solution (sodium &
glucose)
◉ Oncotic Pressure. Answer: Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in
solution. Protein is a major colloid.
, ◉ What are three substances that primarily determine water
movement in the body?. Answer: Protein, glucose, and sodium
◉ Edema. Answer: Caused by an accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial space, occurs if venous hydrostatic pressure rises, plasma
oncotic pressure decreases, or interstitial oncotic pressure rises.
◉ Decrease plasma oncotic pressure. Answer: Fluid remains in the
interstitial space if the plasma oncotic pressure is too low to draw
back into the capillary. Low plasma protein content decreases oncotic
pressure. This can result from excessive protein loss (renal disorders),
deficient protein synthesis (liver disease) and deficient protein intake
(malnutrition)
◉ Elevation of venous hydrostatic pressure. Answer: Increasing the
pressure at the venous end of the capillary inhibits fluid movement
back into the capillary, which results in edema. Causes include: fluid
overload, HF, liver failure, obstruction of venous return to the heart...
ect.
◉ Elevation of Interstitial oncotic pressure. Answer: Trauma, burns,
and inflammation can damage capillary walls and allow plasma
proteins to accumulate in the interstitial space. This increases
interstitial oncotic pressure draws fluid into the interstitial space, and
holds it there.
◉ Shifts of interstitial fluid to plasma. Answer: An increase in the
plasma osmotic or oncotic pressure draws fluid into the plasma from
the interstitial space. This could happen with administration of
colloids, dextran, mannitol, or hypertonic solutions. Increasing the
tissue hydrostatic pressure is another way of causing a shift of fluid
into plasma.
