CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE • HISTORY
COMPLETE BOARD REVISION NOTES • ALL 5 CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
During the 19th century, nationalism emerged as a force that transformed Europe, replacing multi-national dynastic empires with
democratic nation-states.
Frédéric Sorrieu’s Vision (1848): French artist prepared 4 prints depicting a world of
'Democratic and Social Republics'. Shows peoples of Europe and America marching past the
Statue of Liberty (holding Torch of Enlightenment & Rights of Man). Symbolizes end of absolutist
institutions.
1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION & IDEA OF THE NATION (1789)
Created a collective identity (la patrie = the fatherland, le citoyen = the citizen). Introduced tricolor flag, centralized administrative system,
uniform weights & measures, and French as common language.
Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804): Exported to French-controlled territories. Abolished feudal privileges based on birth, established
equality before law, secured property rights, and simplified administrative divisions. Drawback: Increased taxation, censorship, and forced
conscription into French army.
2. THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM & LIBERALISM
Liberalism: Derived from Latin liber (free). Political freedom, government by consent, end of autocracy. Economic freedom: freedom
of markets, removal of state-imposed restrictions on movement of goods/capital.
Zollverein (1834): A customs union formed by Prussia and joined by most German states. Abolished tariff barriers and reduced
currencies from over 30 to 2.
Treaty of Vienna (1815): Hosted by Austrian Chancellor **Duke Metternich** after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo (1815) by European
powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria). Restored Bourbon dynasty; aim was to re-establish conservative order in Europe.
3. UNIFICATION OF ITALY, GERMANY & BRITAIN
Country Key Leaders & Process Outcome / Year
Prussian King William I & Chief Minister **Otto von
Unified in **1871**; Kaiser William
Germany Bismarck** ('Blood & Iron' policy). 3 wars in 7 years vs
I proclaimed Emperor at Versailles.
Austria, Denmark, France.
**Mazzini** (ideology/Young Italy), **Cavour**
Unified in **1861** under Victor
Italy (diplomacy/Piedmont), **Garibaldi** (armed force/Red
Emmanuel II.
Shirts). Victor Emmanuel II.
Not result of sudden revolution. Parliamentary process;
Forged British state with English
Britain English dominance over Scotland (Act of Union 1707) and
culture dominance.
Ireland (1801).
4. VISUALISING THE NATION & ALLEGORIES
Nations personified as female figures (Allegories): **Marianne** in France (represented Liberty and the Republic with red cap, tricolor,
cockade) and **Germania** in Germany (wears crown of oak leaves symbolizing heroism).
Class 10 History — Complete Revision Notes Page 1
, CHAPTER 2: NATIONALISM IN INDIA
The anti-colonial movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress forged a united national identity through mass
struggle.
KEY TIMELINE OF NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1915 – 1942)
1915: Gandhiji returns to India from South Africa.
1917–1918: Early Satyagrahas: Champaran (Bihar - indigo growers), Kheda (Gujarat - crop failure), Ahmedabad
(cotton mill workers).
1919: Rowlatt Act passed; **Jallianwala Bagh Massacre** (13 April, Gen. Dyer).
1920–1922: **Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM)** launched along with Khilafat agitation; called off after
**Chauri Chaura incident** (Feb 1922).
1929: **Lahore INC Session** under Jawaharlal Nehru adopts *Purna Swaraj* (Complete Independence)
resolution.
1930–1934: **Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)** begins with Dandi Salt March (12 March – 6 April 1930).
Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed in 1931.
1932: **Poona Pact** between Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (reserved seats for Depressed Classes).
1. NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT VS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
Feature Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)
Refusal to cooperate with British rule; support Refusal to cooperate AND active breaking of
Core Objective
Khilafat issue & Swaraj. colonial laws (e.g., Salt Law).
Boycott of foreign cloth, schools, law courts, Salt making, non-payment of land
Method
titles, liquor shops. revenue/chaukidari tax, forest law breaches.
Middle-class in cities, peasants (Baba Rich peasants (Patidars, Jats), industrial
Participation Ramchandra in Awadh), tribals (Alluri Sitarama working class (Nagpur), business class (FICCI),
Raju in AP). large female participation.
2. DIFFERENT STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT
Peasants in Awadh: Led by Baba Ramchandra against high rents and *begar* (unpaid labor) demanded by talukdars. Formed Oudh
Kisan Sabha.
Tribals in Gudem Hills (A.P.): Led by **Alluri Sitarama Raju** against colonial forest laws restricting grazing and wood collection.
Used guerrilla warfare.
Plantation Workers in Assam: Sought freedom to move freely under the **Inland Emigration Act of 1859** which restricted leaving
tea gardens without permission.
3. SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING
Nationalism spread through cultural processes: **Bharat Mata** image (painted by Abanindranath Tagore), revival of Indian folklore and
folk tales (Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal, Natesa Sastri's *The Folklore of Southern India*), reinterpretation of history, and nation flags
(Tricolor designed during Swadeshi & Gandhiji's Spinning Wheel Swaraj Flag).
Class 10 History — Complete Revision Notes Page 2
COMPLETE BOARD REVISION NOTES • ALL 5 CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
During the 19th century, nationalism emerged as a force that transformed Europe, replacing multi-national dynastic empires with
democratic nation-states.
Frédéric Sorrieu’s Vision (1848): French artist prepared 4 prints depicting a world of
'Democratic and Social Republics'. Shows peoples of Europe and America marching past the
Statue of Liberty (holding Torch of Enlightenment & Rights of Man). Symbolizes end of absolutist
institutions.
1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION & IDEA OF THE NATION (1789)
Created a collective identity (la patrie = the fatherland, le citoyen = the citizen). Introduced tricolor flag, centralized administrative system,
uniform weights & measures, and French as common language.
Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804): Exported to French-controlled territories. Abolished feudal privileges based on birth, established
equality before law, secured property rights, and simplified administrative divisions. Drawback: Increased taxation, censorship, and forced
conscription into French army.
2. THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM & LIBERALISM
Liberalism: Derived from Latin liber (free). Political freedom, government by consent, end of autocracy. Economic freedom: freedom
of markets, removal of state-imposed restrictions on movement of goods/capital.
Zollverein (1834): A customs union formed by Prussia and joined by most German states. Abolished tariff barriers and reduced
currencies from over 30 to 2.
Treaty of Vienna (1815): Hosted by Austrian Chancellor **Duke Metternich** after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo (1815) by European
powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria). Restored Bourbon dynasty; aim was to re-establish conservative order in Europe.
3. UNIFICATION OF ITALY, GERMANY & BRITAIN
Country Key Leaders & Process Outcome / Year
Prussian King William I & Chief Minister **Otto von
Unified in **1871**; Kaiser William
Germany Bismarck** ('Blood & Iron' policy). 3 wars in 7 years vs
I proclaimed Emperor at Versailles.
Austria, Denmark, France.
**Mazzini** (ideology/Young Italy), **Cavour**
Unified in **1861** under Victor
Italy (diplomacy/Piedmont), **Garibaldi** (armed force/Red
Emmanuel II.
Shirts). Victor Emmanuel II.
Not result of sudden revolution. Parliamentary process;
Forged British state with English
Britain English dominance over Scotland (Act of Union 1707) and
culture dominance.
Ireland (1801).
4. VISUALISING THE NATION & ALLEGORIES
Nations personified as female figures (Allegories): **Marianne** in France (represented Liberty and the Republic with red cap, tricolor,
cockade) and **Germania** in Germany (wears crown of oak leaves symbolizing heroism).
Class 10 History — Complete Revision Notes Page 1
, CHAPTER 2: NATIONALISM IN INDIA
The anti-colonial movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress forged a united national identity through mass
struggle.
KEY TIMELINE OF NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1915 – 1942)
1915: Gandhiji returns to India from South Africa.
1917–1918: Early Satyagrahas: Champaran (Bihar - indigo growers), Kheda (Gujarat - crop failure), Ahmedabad
(cotton mill workers).
1919: Rowlatt Act passed; **Jallianwala Bagh Massacre** (13 April, Gen. Dyer).
1920–1922: **Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM)** launched along with Khilafat agitation; called off after
**Chauri Chaura incident** (Feb 1922).
1929: **Lahore INC Session** under Jawaharlal Nehru adopts *Purna Swaraj* (Complete Independence)
resolution.
1930–1934: **Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)** begins with Dandi Salt March (12 March – 6 April 1930).
Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed in 1931.
1932: **Poona Pact** between Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (reserved seats for Depressed Classes).
1. NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT VS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
Feature Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)
Refusal to cooperate with British rule; support Refusal to cooperate AND active breaking of
Core Objective
Khilafat issue & Swaraj. colonial laws (e.g., Salt Law).
Boycott of foreign cloth, schools, law courts, Salt making, non-payment of land
Method
titles, liquor shops. revenue/chaukidari tax, forest law breaches.
Middle-class in cities, peasants (Baba Rich peasants (Patidars, Jats), industrial
Participation Ramchandra in Awadh), tribals (Alluri Sitarama working class (Nagpur), business class (FICCI),
Raju in AP). large female participation.
2. DIFFERENT STRANDS WITHIN THE MOVEMENT
Peasants in Awadh: Led by Baba Ramchandra against high rents and *begar* (unpaid labor) demanded by talukdars. Formed Oudh
Kisan Sabha.
Tribals in Gudem Hills (A.P.): Led by **Alluri Sitarama Raju** against colonial forest laws restricting grazing and wood collection.
Used guerrilla warfare.
Plantation Workers in Assam: Sought freedom to move freely under the **Inland Emigration Act of 1859** which restricted leaving
tea gardens without permission.
3. SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING
Nationalism spread through cultural processes: **Bharat Mata** image (painted by Abanindranath Tagore), revival of Indian folklore and
folk tales (Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal, Natesa Sastri's *The Folklore of Southern India*), reinterpretation of history, and nation flags
(Tricolor designed during Swadeshi & Gandhiji's Spinning Wheel Swaraj Flag).
Class 10 History — Complete Revision Notes Page 2
