NSG 535 COMPLETE DIAGNOSTICS EXAM BUNDLE | EXAMS 1–4,
CHEM/BMP, USE, RADIOLOGY, PAP SMEAR & LIPID TESTING 2026/2027
metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔normal cell growth and division whereby columnar cells transform into
squamous stratified epithelium
occurs within transformation zone
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔area of the cervix where ecto and endo cervical cells meet
squamous cells - correct answer ✔✔thicker and tougher than columnar cells
line the distal ECTOCERVIX and vagina
columnar cells - correct answer ✔✔one layer thick
line the proximal and MID-ENDOCERVICAL canal of the cervix
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔squamo columnar junction
where columnar transform into squamous epithelium
where the majority of cellular abnormalities of the cervix arise
lubricant - correct answer ✔✔should not be used during pap smear as it interferes with the adherence
of the sample material
ectocervix - correct answer ✔✔squamous cells
thicker and tougher than columnar
also line the vagina
endocervix - correct answer ✔✔columnar cells
one layer thick
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔region lying between the ciliated columnar epithelium of the
endocervix and the mature squamous epithelium of the ectocervix
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔where the carcinogens act upon the squamous metaplastic
cells resulting in squamous dysplasia and squamous carcinoma
ectocervix - correct answer ✔✔during the reproductive years, the transformation zone lies on the
______
,endocervix - correct answer ✔✔in a post-menopausal patient, the transformation zone lies on the _____
specimen type - correct answer ✔✔Bethesda system
indicate conventional smear or liquid based preparation (thin prep)
specimen adequency - correct answer ✔✔Bethesda system
satisfactory for evaluation
is the transformation zone present
interpretation - correct answer ✔✔Bethesda system
positive or negative for lesions
CIN I - correct answer ✔✔mild dysplasia
undifferentiated cells are confined to lower 2-4 layers of the epithelium
cells of middle and upper third show nuclear enlargement and irregular nuclei
dysplastic cells have altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
CIN II - correct answer ✔✔moderate dysplasia
immature cells are confined to lower half of epithelium
cells of upper half show well defined cell borders and enlarged nuclei
cells show altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio with less cytoplasm than in cells of mild dysplasia
CIN III - correct answer ✔✔severe dysplasia
immature cells with spindle shaped nuclei replace more than two thirds of the mucosal thickness
upper layers show evidence of squamous cell differentiation
cells may exhibit enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, irregular envelope, course chromatin structure, and
less cytoplasm
carcinoma in situ - correct answer ✔✔basal type cells with elongated nuclei and indistinct cytoplasmic
boundaries occupy full thickness of mucosa
no cellular maturation is present
HPV - correct answer ✔✔vacuolization of epithelial cells
,dysplasi - correct answer ✔✔disorderly development of the cells from the basememnt membrane
upward
dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔cells with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
darker and more irregular nuclei than normal squamous cells with large amount of cytoplasm and small
nuclei
carcinoma - correct answer ✔✔nucleus takes up the entire cell
HPV vaccine - correct answer ✔✔before age 15: 2 doses
after age 15: 3 doses
offered to males and females 9-45
molecular imaging - correct answer ✔✔uses very small amounts of radioactive materials to diagnose
and treat diseases such as cancer, heart disease, brain disorders
targeted imaging
interventional radiology - correct answer ✔✔performs minimally invasive surgical procedures through
small incisions
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔images acquired at "real-time" rates
inexpensive and portable
poses no risks
guides many types of procedures
doppler effect used to make quantitative measurements of absolute blood velocity and map blood flow
over large field of view
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔uses sound waves above auditory limit
2-15 MHz frequency
transmitted via transducer to the body tissues in the form of pulses
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔key is the Piezoelectric crystal in the probe
higher the frequency sharper the image however poorer the penetration
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔not used for lungs, adult brains, bone abnormalities
doesn't work well with large amounts of air
, not transmitteed through bone
large body habitus, poor penetration therefore poor images
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔indications:
pediatrics (including neonate brains)
pregnancy
female pelvic organs
female breast
male testicles
thyroid gland
abdominal organs
guidance for drainage of pleural effusions, ascites, biopsies
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔abdominal: fast for 4 hours
pelvic: full urinary bladder
transvaginal: empty urinary bladder
color doppler - correct answer ✔✔exploits doppler effect or change in frequency with motion
moving RBCs in the vessels produces doppler signals which is converted to color coded signals
quantitative measurement of absolute blood velocity
flow towards transducer is red and flow away is blue
CT - correct answer ✔✔uses XR beam, therefore uses radiation
essential diagnostic imaging tool
CT - correct answer ✔✔inherent contrast helps identify fat, soft tissue, blood, calcium, bone, air, metals
CT - correct answer ✔✔Hounsfield units are density measurement units
denser the substance the whiter it looks such as metals, bone, calcium (higher Hounsfield)
air and fat appear black (lower Hounsfield
CT contrast - correct answer ✔✔used when there is no inherent contrast between structures or in
organs
oral and rectal CT contrast - correct answer ✔✔used for CT
outlines bowel
CHEM/BMP, USE, RADIOLOGY, PAP SMEAR & LIPID TESTING 2026/2027
metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔normal cell growth and division whereby columnar cells transform into
squamous stratified epithelium
occurs within transformation zone
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔area of the cervix where ecto and endo cervical cells meet
squamous cells - correct answer ✔✔thicker and tougher than columnar cells
line the distal ECTOCERVIX and vagina
columnar cells - correct answer ✔✔one layer thick
line the proximal and MID-ENDOCERVICAL canal of the cervix
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔squamo columnar junction
where columnar transform into squamous epithelium
where the majority of cellular abnormalities of the cervix arise
lubricant - correct answer ✔✔should not be used during pap smear as it interferes with the adherence
of the sample material
ectocervix - correct answer ✔✔squamous cells
thicker and tougher than columnar
also line the vagina
endocervix - correct answer ✔✔columnar cells
one layer thick
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔region lying between the ciliated columnar epithelium of the
endocervix and the mature squamous epithelium of the ectocervix
transformation zone - correct answer ✔✔where the carcinogens act upon the squamous metaplastic
cells resulting in squamous dysplasia and squamous carcinoma
ectocervix - correct answer ✔✔during the reproductive years, the transformation zone lies on the
______
,endocervix - correct answer ✔✔in a post-menopausal patient, the transformation zone lies on the _____
specimen type - correct answer ✔✔Bethesda system
indicate conventional smear or liquid based preparation (thin prep)
specimen adequency - correct answer ✔✔Bethesda system
satisfactory for evaluation
is the transformation zone present
interpretation - correct answer ✔✔Bethesda system
positive or negative for lesions
CIN I - correct answer ✔✔mild dysplasia
undifferentiated cells are confined to lower 2-4 layers of the epithelium
cells of middle and upper third show nuclear enlargement and irregular nuclei
dysplastic cells have altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
CIN II - correct answer ✔✔moderate dysplasia
immature cells are confined to lower half of epithelium
cells of upper half show well defined cell borders and enlarged nuclei
cells show altered nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio with less cytoplasm than in cells of mild dysplasia
CIN III - correct answer ✔✔severe dysplasia
immature cells with spindle shaped nuclei replace more than two thirds of the mucosal thickness
upper layers show evidence of squamous cell differentiation
cells may exhibit enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, irregular envelope, course chromatin structure, and
less cytoplasm
carcinoma in situ - correct answer ✔✔basal type cells with elongated nuclei and indistinct cytoplasmic
boundaries occupy full thickness of mucosa
no cellular maturation is present
HPV - correct answer ✔✔vacuolization of epithelial cells
,dysplasi - correct answer ✔✔disorderly development of the cells from the basememnt membrane
upward
dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔cells with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
darker and more irregular nuclei than normal squamous cells with large amount of cytoplasm and small
nuclei
carcinoma - correct answer ✔✔nucleus takes up the entire cell
HPV vaccine - correct answer ✔✔before age 15: 2 doses
after age 15: 3 doses
offered to males and females 9-45
molecular imaging - correct answer ✔✔uses very small amounts of radioactive materials to diagnose
and treat diseases such as cancer, heart disease, brain disorders
targeted imaging
interventional radiology - correct answer ✔✔performs minimally invasive surgical procedures through
small incisions
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔images acquired at "real-time" rates
inexpensive and portable
poses no risks
guides many types of procedures
doppler effect used to make quantitative measurements of absolute blood velocity and map blood flow
over large field of view
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔uses sound waves above auditory limit
2-15 MHz frequency
transmitted via transducer to the body tissues in the form of pulses
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔key is the Piezoelectric crystal in the probe
higher the frequency sharper the image however poorer the penetration
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔not used for lungs, adult brains, bone abnormalities
doesn't work well with large amounts of air
, not transmitteed through bone
large body habitus, poor penetration therefore poor images
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔indications:
pediatrics (including neonate brains)
pregnancy
female pelvic organs
female breast
male testicles
thyroid gland
abdominal organs
guidance for drainage of pleural effusions, ascites, biopsies
ultrasound - correct answer ✔✔abdominal: fast for 4 hours
pelvic: full urinary bladder
transvaginal: empty urinary bladder
color doppler - correct answer ✔✔exploits doppler effect or change in frequency with motion
moving RBCs in the vessels produces doppler signals which is converted to color coded signals
quantitative measurement of absolute blood velocity
flow towards transducer is red and flow away is blue
CT - correct answer ✔✔uses XR beam, therefore uses radiation
essential diagnostic imaging tool
CT - correct answer ✔✔inherent contrast helps identify fat, soft tissue, blood, calcium, bone, air, metals
CT - correct answer ✔✔Hounsfield units are density measurement units
denser the substance the whiter it looks such as metals, bone, calcium (higher Hounsfield)
air and fat appear black (lower Hounsfield
CT contrast - correct answer ✔✔used when there is no inherent contrast between structures or in
organs
oral and rectal CT contrast - correct answer ✔✔used for CT
outlines bowel
