University of South Alabama NU 545
NU545 Patho Study Guide Unit 1
ACTUAL NU 545
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 TEST
BANK ACTUAL 2026/2027
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY
GUIDE ACCURATE EXAM
COMPLETE APPROVED QUESTIONS
WITH WELL ELABORATED
SOLUTIONS AND DETAILED
RATIONALES (100% CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS) CURRENTLY
UP
C
Terms in this set (103)
What is metabolic absorption? (p.2) • 1 of 8 cellular functions of eukaryote cell
• Chief function is to take in & use nutrients or
other substances from surroundings
• Ex: kidney (fluid absorption and synthesize proteins)
and Intestinal epithelial cells (fluid absorption/protein
enzyme synthesis)
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen • Peroxisomes contain enzymes that use O2 to remove
atoms in an oxidative reaction? (p.8) H+ in oxidative reactions that produces hydrogen peroxide
which is then used by catalase to further oxidize other
substances like: phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and
alcohol
During cell injury what is released that is • Lysosomal enzymes (hydrolases), or the digestive
capable of cellular autodigestion? (p. 8) enzymes within the lysosome
• Autolysosomes, or autophagosomes
Where is the genetic info contained in the Nucleus, specifically the nucleolus
cell? (p. 2)
,Cell membranes contain which major Lipids & Proteins in a complex lipid bilayer
chemical components? (p. 12)
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out • The Na+-K+-ATP pump. Uses direct energy of ATP;
of cells? (p. 31-32) found in excitable tissues (muscles/nerves) & also in kidneys
& salivary glands. Involves the movement of Na+ & K+
against a concentration gradient.
• Protein enzyme ATPase allows potassium to move in
and out of the cell.
• Mediated transport = channel protein through which
ions can diffuse (K+ leak channel).
How is a cell protected from injury? (p.12) • Plasma membrane - Acts as a barrier to toxic
molecules, macromolecules, & foreign
organisms/cells.
• Exists in a state of change & modulation. Alternates
receptor numbers & patterns.
• Gating protects cells from release of Ca from injured
cells by sealing off or decreasing permeability at
junctional complexes.
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to • Associated with chemical changes that result in
do with the erythrocytes? (p.68) structural & metabolic abnormalities of the erythrocyte
membrane leading to cell shape changes & hemolytic
anemia.
• Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to
lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency in
cirrhosis leads to expansion of the lipid bilayer &
macrocytosis without megaloblastic changes in precursors.
Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC) moieties in the
erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to echinocytes (disaturated
PC) or to stomatocytes (diunsaturated PC). In some patients,
high density lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to
erythrocyte surface changes causing rapid formation of
echinocytes. (Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):169-
74.Mechanisms of hemolysis in liver disease.Morse EE1.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University
of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
06032)
• Alters fluidity & function of cell membrane as
well as intercellular transport
What is platelet-derived growth factor? Stimulates production of connective tissue cells & neuroglial
(p.39) cells
, What is cell communication? How does it • Required for homeostasis, regulate cellular
occur? (p.20) growth/division & development/organization into tissues, &
coordinate cellular function.
• Occurs in 3 ways:
-via protein channels & gap junctions that directly coordinate
activities of adjacent cells (must be touching)
-via plasma membrane-based signaling molecules (receptors)
that affect the cell itself & cells that come in direct contact
-via chemical signals that must enter the distant cells to
affect the receptors inside of the distant cell (the most
common means of communication).
• Primary modes of intercellular signaling are
hormonal, neurohormonal, paracrine, contact-dependent,
& neurotransmitters. There is also Autocrine signaling where
the cell signals itself.
What is chemical signaling? (p.20) Involves the secretion of chemicals, such as hormones,
neurohormones, paracrine, autocrine, and neurotransmitters.
Chemical signaling may occur through the bloodstream or in
small discrete spaces
How is glucose transported from the Passive protein channels.
blood to the cell? (p. 33) Passive mediated transport or facilitated diffusion moves
the glucose via a uniport mechanism into the cell. When
all glucose-specific receptors are occupied, the transport
system is saturated and operating at maximal capacity.
Direction of movement is the same as passive simple
diffusion-down the concentration gradient, from an area of
high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is
achieved.
Understand the transportation of • The Na+ K+ antiport (opposite directions) system uses
potassium and sodium across plasma direct energy of ATP to move cations.
membranes. (p. 29-32) • ATPase is transporter protein.
• Concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is
directly related to Na+ K+ transport activity.
• Process:
- 3 Na+ ions bind to Na-binding sites on carrier's inner face.
- ATP molecule produced by cell's mitochondria binds to
carrier.
- Carrier changes shape, releases 3 Na+ ions to outside
of cell, & attracts 2 K+ ions to K-binding sites.
- Carrier returns to original shape, releasing 2 K+ ions &
the leftover ATP molecule to inside of cell.
- Carrier can now repeat cycle.
What is active transport? (p. 31-33) ch.1 • The movement of a substance across a
membrane by a carrier protein. Requires metabolic energy
(ATP) to move the molecules against the concentration
gradient.
• Active transport also occurs by endocytosis
(vesicle formation), where substances are engulfed by a
segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that
moves into the cell.
What are cytokines? (p.38-39) • Cytokines are peptides that transmit signals
NU545 Patho Study Guide Unit 1
ACTUAL NU 545
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 TEST
BANK ACTUAL 2026/2027
PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND STUDY
GUIDE ACCURATE EXAM
COMPLETE APPROVED QUESTIONS
WITH WELL ELABORATED
SOLUTIONS AND DETAILED
RATIONALES (100% CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS) CURRENTLY
UP
C
Terms in this set (103)
What is metabolic absorption? (p.2) • 1 of 8 cellular functions of eukaryote cell
• Chief function is to take in & use nutrients or
other substances from surroundings
• Ex: kidney (fluid absorption and synthesize proteins)
and Intestinal epithelial cells (fluid absorption/protein
enzyme synthesis)
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen • Peroxisomes contain enzymes that use O2 to remove
atoms in an oxidative reaction? (p.8) H+ in oxidative reactions that produces hydrogen peroxide
which is then used by catalase to further oxidize other
substances like: phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and
alcohol
During cell injury what is released that is • Lysosomal enzymes (hydrolases), or the digestive
capable of cellular autodigestion? (p. 8) enzymes within the lysosome
• Autolysosomes, or autophagosomes
Where is the genetic info contained in the Nucleus, specifically the nucleolus
cell? (p. 2)
,Cell membranes contain which major Lipids & Proteins in a complex lipid bilayer
chemical components? (p. 12)
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out • The Na+-K+-ATP pump. Uses direct energy of ATP;
of cells? (p. 31-32) found in excitable tissues (muscles/nerves) & also in kidneys
& salivary glands. Involves the movement of Na+ & K+
against a concentration gradient.
• Protein enzyme ATPase allows potassium to move in
and out of the cell.
• Mediated transport = channel protein through which
ions can diffuse (K+ leak channel).
How is a cell protected from injury? (p.12) • Plasma membrane - Acts as a barrier to toxic
molecules, macromolecules, & foreign
organisms/cells.
• Exists in a state of change & modulation. Alternates
receptor numbers & patterns.
• Gating protects cells from release of Ca from injured
cells by sealing off or decreasing permeability at
junctional complexes.
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to • Associated with chemical changes that result in
do with the erythrocytes? (p.68) structural & metabolic abnormalities of the erythrocyte
membrane leading to cell shape changes & hemolytic
anemia.
• Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to
lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency in
cirrhosis leads to expansion of the lipid bilayer &
macrocytosis without megaloblastic changes in precursors.
Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC) moieties in the
erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to echinocytes (disaturated
PC) or to stomatocytes (diunsaturated PC). In some patients,
high density lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to
erythrocyte surface changes causing rapid formation of
echinocytes. (Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):169-
74.Mechanisms of hemolysis in liver disease.Morse EE1.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University
of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
06032)
• Alters fluidity & function of cell membrane as
well as intercellular transport
What is platelet-derived growth factor? Stimulates production of connective tissue cells & neuroglial
(p.39) cells
, What is cell communication? How does it • Required for homeostasis, regulate cellular
occur? (p.20) growth/division & development/organization into tissues, &
coordinate cellular function.
• Occurs in 3 ways:
-via protein channels & gap junctions that directly coordinate
activities of adjacent cells (must be touching)
-via plasma membrane-based signaling molecules (receptors)
that affect the cell itself & cells that come in direct contact
-via chemical signals that must enter the distant cells to
affect the receptors inside of the distant cell (the most
common means of communication).
• Primary modes of intercellular signaling are
hormonal, neurohormonal, paracrine, contact-dependent,
& neurotransmitters. There is also Autocrine signaling where
the cell signals itself.
What is chemical signaling? (p.20) Involves the secretion of chemicals, such as hormones,
neurohormones, paracrine, autocrine, and neurotransmitters.
Chemical signaling may occur through the bloodstream or in
small discrete spaces
How is glucose transported from the Passive protein channels.
blood to the cell? (p. 33) Passive mediated transport or facilitated diffusion moves
the glucose via a uniport mechanism into the cell. When
all glucose-specific receptors are occupied, the transport
system is saturated and operating at maximal capacity.
Direction of movement is the same as passive simple
diffusion-down the concentration gradient, from an area of
high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is
achieved.
Understand the transportation of • The Na+ K+ antiport (opposite directions) system uses
potassium and sodium across plasma direct energy of ATP to move cations.
membranes. (p. 29-32) • ATPase is transporter protein.
• Concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is
directly related to Na+ K+ transport activity.
• Process:
- 3 Na+ ions bind to Na-binding sites on carrier's inner face.
- ATP molecule produced by cell's mitochondria binds to
carrier.
- Carrier changes shape, releases 3 Na+ ions to outside
of cell, & attracts 2 K+ ions to K-binding sites.
- Carrier returns to original shape, releasing 2 K+ ions &
the leftover ATP molecule to inside of cell.
- Carrier can now repeat cycle.
What is active transport? (p. 31-33) ch.1 • The movement of a substance across a
membrane by a carrier protein. Requires metabolic energy
(ATP) to move the molecules against the concentration
gradient.
• Active transport also occurs by endocytosis
(vesicle formation), where substances are engulfed by a
segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that
moves into the cell.
What are cytokines? (p.38-39) • Cytokines are peptides that transmit signals
