VET 405 - EXAM 1 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

VET 405 - EXAM 1 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS

Question:
1. What are major functions of the GI tract besides digestion/absorption of nutrients and water?
Answer:
- Major immune function
- Largest endocrine organ
- Food intake regulation/glucose homeostasis
- Gut microbiome

Question:
2. What is the major function of the esophagus? Stomach? Small intesting? Large intestine? Rectum and
anus?
Answer:
- Esophagus: transport and protection
- Stomach: storage and controlled delivery of digesta to small intestine
- Small intestine: mixing, digestion, absorption
- Large intestine: reclaim water, gut microbiota
- Rectum and anus: storage, defecation

Question:
3. What are the four main layers of the GI tract (lumen to outside)?
Answer:
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis (muscularis externa)
- Serosa

Question:
4. What layers are in the mucosa layer?
Answer:
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosae (lamina muscularis)

Question:
5. What layers are in the muscularis layer? Which layer is outside?
Answer:
- Inner circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer

Question:
6. What layers surround the myenteric plexus? What is it?

,Answer:
- Outer longitudinal muscle and inner circular muscle
- Part of enteric nervous system

Question:
7. Where is the submucosal plexus located? What is it?
Answer:
- Submucosa
- Part of enteric nervous system

Question:
8. What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?
Answer:
- Serosa: outer layer in organs that border pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal cavities (Thoracic esophagus,
Stomach, Small intestines)
- Adventitia: outer layer in organs that DO NOT border pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal cavities (Cervical
esophagus, Distal Rectum, Colon)

Question:
9. What are the major functions of epithelial cells of the mucosa? What exists in the lamina propria?
Answer:
- Absorption, secretion, and protection
- Lamina propria contains blood vessels, nerves, and immune cells

Question:
10. What structures exist in the submucosa? What is this layer made of?
Answer:
- Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatics, submucosal plexus, and ganglion cells
- Made of loose connective tissue

Question:
11. Which parts of the GI tract contain a muscular layer?
Answer:
Esophagus to anal canal

Question:
12. What are the three principal control mechanisms of the GI tract?
Answer:
- Endocrine: signaling through bloodstream (hormones)
- Paracrine: signaling to nearby cells
- Neural: often reflexive, mediated by nervous system

Question:
13. What are enteroendocrine cells?
Answer:
Cells in GI tract that release contents in response to change in lumenal environment (mechanoreceptors
and chemoreceptors sense change)

,Question:
14. How are the intrinsic and extrinsic nervous systems different?
Answer:
- Extrinsic: cell bodies are outside the gut wall
- Intrinsic: cell bodies are in the wall of the gut (myenteric plexus, submucosal plexus)

Question:
15. What innervation emerges from craniosacral segments?
Answer:
Parasympathetic (Vagus nerve, pelvic nerves)

Question:
16. What innervation emerges from thoracolumbar segments?
Answer:
Sympathetic (Prevertebral chain ganglia)

Question:
17. What are the major prevertebral chain ganglia?
Answer:
- Superior cervical ganglion
- Celiac ganglion
- Cranial mesenteric ganglion
- Caudal mesenteric ganglion

Question:
18. What information is carried by vagus afferent nerves?
Answer:
Sensory information from GI to brainstem

Question:
19. What information is carried by spinal afferent nerves?
Answer:
Mostly noxious stimuli (mediate pain perception)

Question:
20. What part of the ANS mediates vaso-vagal reflexes?
Answer:
Parasympathetic (this is an example of an extrinsic reflex pathway)

Question:
21. What nerves synapse with intrinsic nervous system neurons?
Answer:
- Parasympathetic efferents from pelvic/vagus nerves synapse with myenteric plexus /submucosal plexus
- Plexuses contain terminal ganglia

Question:
22. What are the major functions of the enteric nervous system?

, Answer:
- Regulation of motor activity, secretory activity, and vascular tone in gut
- Many functions are carried out via intrinsic reflex circuits

Question:
23. What are the phases that occur in response to a meal?
Answer:
1) Cephalic
2) Oral
3) Esophageal
4) Gastric
5) Duodenal
6) Small intestine
7) Large intestine

Question:
24. How is the cephalic phase initiated? What occurs during the cephalic phase?
Answer:
- Olfactory, visual, and auditory inputs activate PS output to GI tract
- Salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretions increase
- Proximal stomach stretches to allow for meal storage
- Gallbladder contracts to release bile into small intestine

Question:
25. How is the oral phase initiated? What occurs during the oral phase?
Answer:
- Mechanical and chemical stimulation in the buccal cavity activates PS output to GI tract
- Salivary, gastric, and pancreatic secretions increase
- Proximal stomach stretches to allow for meal storage
- Gallbladder contracts to release bile into small intestine
-Chewing and swallowing

Question:
26. What are acinar cells? What are defining qualities histologically?
Answer:
- Cells at base of salivary gland in acinus, secrete enzymes into lumen
- Basally located nucleus, lots of rough ER, apically located secretory granules

Question:
27. Where are mucin cells located and what do they contain?
Answer:
- Located in acinus
- Contain large granules full of mucin (specialized glycoprotein)

Question:
28. What is the role of duct cells lining striated ducts of salivary glands?