ECOL 182R FINAL EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

ECOL 182R FINAL EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS

Question:
1. Early Seeds of Evolutionary Thinking
Answer:
Classical View Buffon (1770s) Erasmus Darwin (1770s) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1809)

Question:
2. Classical View
Answer:
living organisms are constant and unchanging originated in Greece global exploration began in the 1500s
and exposed the diversity of life if all species were created at the same time, how are so many restricted to
certain parts of the world?

Question:
3. Buffon (1770s)
Answer:
if creation had a single center, spreading out would have been stopped by mountains or seas creation of
species is spread out in space perhaps species become modified over time

Question:
4. Erasmus Darwin (1770s)
Answer:
all organisms had a common ancestor grandfather of Charles Darwin

Question:
5. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1809)
Answer:
life was created long ago in a simple state and gradually improved species change over time and are
affected by their environment

Question:
6. Evolution
Answer:
Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism Descent with Modification

Question:
7. Descent with Modification
Answer:
all organisms can be traced back to a series of common ancestors allows for tests of evolution Evidence

Question:
8. Evidence for Descent with Modification

,Answer:
Biogeography Functional Morphology Paleontology Comparative Embryology Animal and Plant Breeding
Molecular Evidence

Question:
9. Biogeography
Answer:
Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831-1836)

Question:
10. Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831-1836)
Answer:
Armadillos and Fossil Glyptodonts Galapagos Islands

Question:
11. Armadillos and Fossil Glyptodonts
Answer:
both found in S. America if they were created separately, why are there both extinct and living forms
restricted to the same area? armadillo evolved from glyptodont or close relative

Question:
12. Galapagos Islands
Answer:
each island had a variant of finch species from S. American mainland adapted different beaks to
accommodate each environment

Question:
13. Functional Morphology
Answer:
Vestigial Organs Homologous Structures

Question:
14. Vestigial Organs
Answer:
organ that serves no useful function in an organism humans have muscles to move ears humans have
vestigial tailbone vestigial toes in horse vestigial limbs in whales and snakes

Question:
15. Homologous Structures
Answer:
similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor different species built using
the same pieces (like Legos)

Question:
16. Paleontology

,Answer:
Fossils
- show succession from simple morphological forms early in fossil record to more complex forms later on
- show transitional forms
- direct evidence for descent with modification Archaeopteryx

Question:
17. Archaeopteryx
Answer:
fossil bird with feathers and sharp teeth

Question:
18. Comparative Embryology
Answer:
the study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different species Haeckel von Baer's Law

Question:
19. Haeckel
Answer:
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny during development (ontogeny), embryo passes through stages
represented by adult species of primitive species (phylogeny)

Question:
20. von Baer's Law
Answer:
features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development structures in early
development more widely distributed among animals than structures present in later development

Question:
21. Animal and Plant Breeding
Answer:
Darwin noticed that domesticated animals changed greatly through artificial selection

Question:
22. Molecular Evidence
Answer:
biochemistry of different species can be more similar/different to others
--> more similar DNA sequences = closer ancestor Genomic Evidence Pseudogenes

Question:
23. Genomic Evidence
Answer:
many shared genes between widely divergent species most DNA is non-coding (inactivated genes)
massive evidence of how new genes evolved from old

Question:
24. Pseudogenes

, Answer:
former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional common error = common ancestor

Question:
25. Mass Extinctions
Answer:
huge fraction of life goes extinct over a short window (< 1 million years) fundamentally change
progression of life Potential Causes The "Big Five"

Question:
26. Potential Causes
Answer:
Biological
- ex: massive release of O2 by early photosynthesis; human activities Physical Terrestrial Events (Internal)
- ex: supervolcanoes changing ocean/atmosphere chemistry; changes in ocean currents leading to climate
change Extraterrestrial Events (External)
- ex: comet/asteroid impacts; supernovae

Question:
27. The "Big Five"
Answer:
Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) Extinction Event Late Devonian (Late D) Extinction Event Permian-Triassic
(P-Tr) Extinction Event Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) Extinction Event Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Extinction
Event

Question:
28. Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) Extinction Event
Answer:
444 MYA 3rd largest of big 5 2nd largest extinction of marine life

Question:
29. Late Devonian (Late D) Extinction Event
Answer:
364 MYA restricted to marine life Siljan Ring Impact Crater

Question:
30. Siljan Ring Impact Crater
Answer:
impact crater in Sweden ~50 km (30 mi) in diameter

Question:
31. Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) Extinction Event
Answer:
251 MYA the big one, the "great dying" 96% of marine species 70% of terrestrial vertebrates only mass
extinction of insects Siberian Traps