BPS 2110: INSULIN UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. What are biologic drugs?
Answer:
-Vaccines, proteins, antibody, nucleic acid
-Normally high molecular weight (>2000)
-Manufactured using living things e.g plants, animals, humans, single cells
-Generally injectable
--cannot survive digestive tract
--other routes (nasal spray, suppository) are possible
-Proportion of new drugs on market that are biologic is increasing (-->40%)
Question:
2. What is diabetes?
Answer:
-Family of metabolic disorders
-Characterized by high blood sugar concentrations
-Inability to regulate amount of sugar present in the blood
--cardiovascular problems
--kidney disease
--skin ulcers
--eye damage
>170 million affected (World)
3.2 million deaths /yr
Question:
3. How is blood glucose concentration regulated?
Answer:
-By insulin (Hormone produced by pancreas)
-Regulates metabolism of carbs, fats, protein
-Promotes absorption of blood glucose by fat & liver cells
-Cells convert glucose into glycogen (glucose storage polymer) or fat
,Question:
4. What are the effects of high insulin? Low insulin?
Answer:
High insulin = low blood sugar
-Glucose is converted to storage forms
-Glucose unavailable to body cells
Low insulin = high blood sugar
-Storage glucose converted to glucose
-Body also begins to break down proteins (catabolism)
Question:
5. What are the two types of diabetes?
Answer:
Type 1 (10%)
-Pancreas no longer produces insulin
-Starts in childhood
-Autoimmune component
Type II (90%)
-Insulin resistance
-Pancreas produces insulin but cells do not respond
-Autoimmune component
-Obesity
Question:
6. What was the prognosis before 1923 for diabetes?
Answer:
-Death
-Disease starts in childhood
-Die in early teenage years
-Possible to extend lifespan SLIGHTLY using special diets
, Question:
7. What were the experiments by Banting and Best? What
was early insulin production like e.g sources?
Answer:
-Surgically altered dogs to enable insulin isolation
--Tied off pancreatic duct
--Cells died, leaving behind Islets of Langerhans
--Isolated pancreatic extract from islets
-Used dog pancreatic extract to treat diabetic dogs
--Created by surgically removing pancreas
-Successfully isolated crude form of insulin
-Insulin first marketed in 1923
-First human experiments failed (14 yr old boy in 1922) because dog insulin was
too impure
-Better purification methods gave better results
-Different animal sources (bovine)
-Isolation from animals: early animal choices based on supply from
slaughterhouses
e.g bovine (Cow), porcine (pig), equine (horse), icythyic (fish)
Question:
8. What was the issue with animal sources for insulin?
Answer:
-Mixture of insulin and other animal proteins
Proinsulin (immunogenic)
-Patients become allergic to a "type" of insulin
-Switch every few years to a diff animal source
-Glucagon
-Somatostatin
-Proteases (Slowly destroy other proteins in the drug; limits shelf life of insulin)
Question:
9. What was the general isolation method in the 1920s?
Answer:
-Truckload of pancreases
-Homogenization
-Clarification (Dialysis or centrifuge; collect supranate)
-Serial precipitation (isoelectric precipitation; alcohol denaturation)
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. What are biologic drugs?
Answer:
-Vaccines, proteins, antibody, nucleic acid
-Normally high molecular weight (>2000)
-Manufactured using living things e.g plants, animals, humans, single cells
-Generally injectable
--cannot survive digestive tract
--other routes (nasal spray, suppository) are possible
-Proportion of new drugs on market that are biologic is increasing (-->40%)
Question:
2. What is diabetes?
Answer:
-Family of metabolic disorders
-Characterized by high blood sugar concentrations
-Inability to regulate amount of sugar present in the blood
--cardiovascular problems
--kidney disease
--skin ulcers
--eye damage
>170 million affected (World)
3.2 million deaths /yr
Question:
3. How is blood glucose concentration regulated?
Answer:
-By insulin (Hormone produced by pancreas)
-Regulates metabolism of carbs, fats, protein
-Promotes absorption of blood glucose by fat & liver cells
-Cells convert glucose into glycogen (glucose storage polymer) or fat
,Question:
4. What are the effects of high insulin? Low insulin?
Answer:
High insulin = low blood sugar
-Glucose is converted to storage forms
-Glucose unavailable to body cells
Low insulin = high blood sugar
-Storage glucose converted to glucose
-Body also begins to break down proteins (catabolism)
Question:
5. What are the two types of diabetes?
Answer:
Type 1 (10%)
-Pancreas no longer produces insulin
-Starts in childhood
-Autoimmune component
Type II (90%)
-Insulin resistance
-Pancreas produces insulin but cells do not respond
-Autoimmune component
-Obesity
Question:
6. What was the prognosis before 1923 for diabetes?
Answer:
-Death
-Disease starts in childhood
-Die in early teenage years
-Possible to extend lifespan SLIGHTLY using special diets
, Question:
7. What were the experiments by Banting and Best? What
was early insulin production like e.g sources?
Answer:
-Surgically altered dogs to enable insulin isolation
--Tied off pancreatic duct
--Cells died, leaving behind Islets of Langerhans
--Isolated pancreatic extract from islets
-Used dog pancreatic extract to treat diabetic dogs
--Created by surgically removing pancreas
-Successfully isolated crude form of insulin
-Insulin first marketed in 1923
-First human experiments failed (14 yr old boy in 1922) because dog insulin was
too impure
-Better purification methods gave better results
-Different animal sources (bovine)
-Isolation from animals: early animal choices based on supply from
slaughterhouses
e.g bovine (Cow), porcine (pig), equine (horse), icythyic (fish)
Question:
8. What was the issue with animal sources for insulin?
Answer:
-Mixture of insulin and other animal proteins
Proinsulin (immunogenic)
-Patients become allergic to a "type" of insulin
-Switch every few years to a diff animal source
-Glucagon
-Somatostatin
-Proteases (Slowly destroy other proteins in the drug; limits shelf life of insulin)
Question:
9. What was the general isolation method in the 1920s?
Answer:
-Truckload of pancreases
-Homogenization
-Clarification (Dialysis or centrifuge; collect supranate)
-Serial precipitation (isoelectric precipitation; alcohol denaturation)
