BLD 204 FINAL UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. Apoptosis: cell size shrinks,
nucleus condenses,
control mechanisms: mitochondrial death receptors,
capsases break up the cell, and apoptotic bodies appear
with phagocyte receptors to get rid of the cell WITHOUT
an immune response to them
Necrosis: the cell size swells,
the nucleus fragments and fades,
there is no control mechanism the cell spews and falls
apart,
this results in inflammation, the tissue is gone after
receiving an immune response.
Answer:
Compare and Contrast Apoptosis and Necrosis. Use at least three cell
characteristics to show the differences between the two.
,Question:
2. Four major steps to recruitment,
1. margination and rolling
2. adhesion to endothelium
3. transmigration through endothelium extravasation
4. migration into interstitial tissues
Leukocyte rolls and attaches onto a selectin
proteoglycan attaches on to the leukocyte where integrin
activation by chemokines takes place
stable adhesion leads to migration through endothelium
fibrin and fibronectin are present
chemokines released microbes scatter
macrophage with microbes is present and cytokines are
releases usually TNF and IL-1
ANOTHER DESCRIPTION
leukocyte roll then become activated and adhere to
endothelium, then transmigrate across the endothelium,
pierce through the basement membrane and migrate
toward chemoattractantts emanating from the source of
injury.
selectins assist in rolling, chemokines assist in activating
the neutrophils to increase activity of integrins, integrins
assist in firm adhesion
Answer:
steps of WBC recruitment to inflamed tissue
Question:
1.clot
2.inflammatory successful
3.macrophages clean up the mess then bring in the
fibroblasts
4.release growth factors, angiogenesis
5.granulation tissue
6.fibroblasts and blood vessels retract and fade away-
apoptosis
Answer:
Explain the steps of wound healing from the macrophage influx until healing is
complete. You may use bullet points or paragraph form.
, Question:
4. chronic versus acute
: duration of time is longer than acute
ACUTE: exudation of fluid and plasma proteins;
emigration of leukocytes
ACUTE: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
ACUTE: rapid, onset, short duration, edema and
neutrophils
CHRONIC: longer duration, lymphocytes and
macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis,
tissue necrosis
CHRONIC: low grade persistent irritant, foreign bodies,
viruses, bacteria, fungi, autoimmune diseases, obesity
Answer:
compare and contract chronic and acute inflammation
Question:
1. lipid peroxidation which leads to membrane damage
2. protein modification which leads to breakdown or
misfolding
3. DNA damage whihc leads to mutations. free radicals
are removed by spontaneous decay and by specialized
enzymatic systems.
excessive production leads to accumulation of free
radicals in cells which may damage lipids, proteins and
DNA resulting in cell injury
Answer:
List and describe three effects of increased reactive oxidative stress in the cell.
Question:
1. intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway: based on cell injury: GF
withdrawal, DNA damage and protein misfolding. sensors
in BCL-2 family activate Bax and Bak which make holes in
the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondiral proteins like
cytochrome c escape and activate the caspase cascade
2. the death receptor pathway/extrinsic: cell produce
surface receptors that can trigger apoptosis, receptor-
ligand interaction with factors like TNF and Fas result in
activation of the caspase cascade. caspases then initiate,
execute cleave, activate nuclease and then all result in
apoptic bodies that have controlls cell fragmentation
Answer:
two pathways of apoptosis, describe them
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. Apoptosis: cell size shrinks,
nucleus condenses,
control mechanisms: mitochondrial death receptors,
capsases break up the cell, and apoptotic bodies appear
with phagocyte receptors to get rid of the cell WITHOUT
an immune response to them
Necrosis: the cell size swells,
the nucleus fragments and fades,
there is no control mechanism the cell spews and falls
apart,
this results in inflammation, the tissue is gone after
receiving an immune response.
Answer:
Compare and Contrast Apoptosis and Necrosis. Use at least three cell
characteristics to show the differences between the two.
,Question:
2. Four major steps to recruitment,
1. margination and rolling
2. adhesion to endothelium
3. transmigration through endothelium extravasation
4. migration into interstitial tissues
Leukocyte rolls and attaches onto a selectin
proteoglycan attaches on to the leukocyte where integrin
activation by chemokines takes place
stable adhesion leads to migration through endothelium
fibrin and fibronectin are present
chemokines released microbes scatter
macrophage with microbes is present and cytokines are
releases usually TNF and IL-1
ANOTHER DESCRIPTION
leukocyte roll then become activated and adhere to
endothelium, then transmigrate across the endothelium,
pierce through the basement membrane and migrate
toward chemoattractantts emanating from the source of
injury.
selectins assist in rolling, chemokines assist in activating
the neutrophils to increase activity of integrins, integrins
assist in firm adhesion
Answer:
steps of WBC recruitment to inflamed tissue
Question:
1.clot
2.inflammatory successful
3.macrophages clean up the mess then bring in the
fibroblasts
4.release growth factors, angiogenesis
5.granulation tissue
6.fibroblasts and blood vessels retract and fade away-
apoptosis
Answer:
Explain the steps of wound healing from the macrophage influx until healing is
complete. You may use bullet points or paragraph form.
, Question:
4. chronic versus acute
: duration of time is longer than acute
ACUTE: exudation of fluid and plasma proteins;
emigration of leukocytes
ACUTE: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
ACUTE: rapid, onset, short duration, edema and
neutrophils
CHRONIC: longer duration, lymphocytes and
macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis,
tissue necrosis
CHRONIC: low grade persistent irritant, foreign bodies,
viruses, bacteria, fungi, autoimmune diseases, obesity
Answer:
compare and contract chronic and acute inflammation
Question:
1. lipid peroxidation which leads to membrane damage
2. protein modification which leads to breakdown or
misfolding
3. DNA damage whihc leads to mutations. free radicals
are removed by spontaneous decay and by specialized
enzymatic systems.
excessive production leads to accumulation of free
radicals in cells which may damage lipids, proteins and
DNA resulting in cell injury
Answer:
List and describe three effects of increased reactive oxidative stress in the cell.
Question:
1. intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway: based on cell injury: GF
withdrawal, DNA damage and protein misfolding. sensors
in BCL-2 family activate Bax and Bak which make holes in
the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondiral proteins like
cytochrome c escape and activate the caspase cascade
2. the death receptor pathway/extrinsic: cell produce
surface receptors that can trigger apoptosis, receptor-
ligand interaction with factors like TNF and Fas result in
activation of the caspase cascade. caspases then initiate,
execute cleave, activate nuclease and then all result in
apoptic bodies that have controlls cell fragmentation
Answer:
two pathways of apoptosis, describe them
