BBH 310 EXAM 3 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. What is causality?
Answer:
Causality is a relationship in which one variable (the cause) directly produces a change in another variable
(the effect).
Question:
2. What are the three criteria to establish causation?
Answer:
1. Covariance (the variables are related). 2. Temporal precedence (the cause comes before the effect). 3.
Internal validity (no alternative explanation or confounding variable explains the relationship).
Question:
3. What is covariance?
Answer:
The cause and effect variables are related or occur together.
Question:
4. What is temporal precedence?
Answer:
The cause must occur before the effect.
Question:
5. What is internal validity?
Answer:
The observed effect is caused by the independent variable rather than another factor.
Question:
6. What is regular causality?
Answer:
One variable directly causes changes in another variable.
Question:
7. Example of regular causality
Answer:
Regular exercise lowers blood pressure.
Question:
8. What is reverse causality?
Answer:
The supposed effect actually causes the supposed cause.
, Question:
9. Example of reverse causality
Answer:
Poor sleep increases stress instead of stress causing poor sleep.
Question:
10. What is bi-directional causality?
Answer:
Two variables influence each other.
Question:
11. Example of bi-directional causality
Answer:
Stress worsens sleep, and poor sleep increases stress.
Question:
12. What is third-variable causality?
Answer:
A separate variable causes both variables, making them appear related.
Question:
13. Example of third-variable causality
Answer:
Hot weather increases both ice cream sales and drowning incidents.
Question:
14. Why are experiments the only way to prove causation?
Answer:
They manipulate the independent variable, randomly assign participants, control confounding variables,
establish temporal precedence, and maximize internal validity.
Question:
15. What is manipulation in an experiment?
Answer:
The researcher deliberately changes the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent
variable.
Question:
16. What are person variables?
Answer:
Characteristics of participants that cannot be ethically manipulated, such as age, biological sex, race,
personality, or existing medical conditions.
Question:
17. What are situation variables?
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. What is causality?
Answer:
Causality is a relationship in which one variable (the cause) directly produces a change in another variable
(the effect).
Question:
2. What are the three criteria to establish causation?
Answer:
1. Covariance (the variables are related). 2. Temporal precedence (the cause comes before the effect). 3.
Internal validity (no alternative explanation or confounding variable explains the relationship).
Question:
3. What is covariance?
Answer:
The cause and effect variables are related or occur together.
Question:
4. What is temporal precedence?
Answer:
The cause must occur before the effect.
Question:
5. What is internal validity?
Answer:
The observed effect is caused by the independent variable rather than another factor.
Question:
6. What is regular causality?
Answer:
One variable directly causes changes in another variable.
Question:
7. Example of regular causality
Answer:
Regular exercise lowers blood pressure.
Question:
8. What is reverse causality?
Answer:
The supposed effect actually causes the supposed cause.
, Question:
9. Example of reverse causality
Answer:
Poor sleep increases stress instead of stress causing poor sleep.
Question:
10. What is bi-directional causality?
Answer:
Two variables influence each other.
Question:
11. Example of bi-directional causality
Answer:
Stress worsens sleep, and poor sleep increases stress.
Question:
12. What is third-variable causality?
Answer:
A separate variable causes both variables, making them appear related.
Question:
13. Example of third-variable causality
Answer:
Hot weather increases both ice cream sales and drowning incidents.
Question:
14. Why are experiments the only way to prove causation?
Answer:
They manipulate the independent variable, randomly assign participants, control confounding variables,
establish temporal precedence, and maximize internal validity.
Question:
15. What is manipulation in an experiment?
Answer:
The researcher deliberately changes the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent
variable.
Question:
16. What are person variables?
Answer:
Characteristics of participants that cannot be ethically manipulated, such as age, biological sex, race,
personality, or existing medical conditions.
Question:
17. What are situation variables?
